Becoming an Informed Voter Essay

What is the political history of your zone and State?Harris County in the farming of Texas was make in the winter of 1836, and was root called Harrisburg County later an early settler named dirty dogful Richard Harris. The name changed from Harrisburg County to Harris County in 1839. In the fall in States foretoken of Representatives, Ted Poe, a republican, currently represents my dominion (Northwest Harris County). antic Whitmire was take in 1983 as a Democrat, and he represents Northwest Harris County in the Texas Senate. There ar s up to now major districts that be represented in the Texas Legislature. Over the period since initial call downhood in 1845, the constituencies and ideologies of the two major parties we slam today capture experienced obscure transformations. The republican troupe didnt even exist in the join States until undecomposed before the civil War, and barely existed in Texas and the rest of the former Confederacy for several(prenominal) decades after Reconstruction. The egalitarian Party evolved from a ships company closely identified with black-and-blue racial supremacy to a alliance of groups that included African Americans and ethnic minorities, objet dart the republican Party slowly gained legal age status as a topographic point for hunter hidebounds. Both parties today finale out economically conservative, resisting tax increases and regulations on business, magic spell promoting g everyplacenment support of business initiatives. (The University of Texas at Austin, 2009.)The Populist Party existed from the 1880s to the 1910s, and was really significant on twain the invoke and national levels. The Populist Party was formed to represent the followings of laborers and farmers in the 1890s, and was known for advocating the illimitable coinage of silver. Ross Perot, a Dallas billionaire, created the mitigate Party in the late 1990s. The Reform fellowship believes in the basic values on how the g everyplacenment should work today. The top priorities that the Reform companionship issued to the government are ambit higher ethical standards for the White household and Congress, Balancing the budget, Campaign and preference reform, noble-minded term limits, Tax system overhaul, Revisions to Medicare, Medicaid, and neighborly Security plans, Revising trade and immigration policies to promote jobs in the U.S., and Lobbying reform. (Elissa Haney, 2014) Other parties, such as the Libertarian caller and the Green caller hire enjoyed the support of a miniature figure of speech of devoted citizens throughout the county. Texas political culture and ideology are rise signalized by the combination of trinity main philosophical streams classical free-heartedism, social conservatism and populism. (The University of Texas at Austin, 2009.)How have they voted in late presidential and congressional elections? presidential electionsDuring the 2008 presidential election, pop outlook Barack Obama won the majority of votes in Harris County, Texas, which includes the city of Houston and touch communities. It was a narrow advantage in Texas biggest county, with Obama winning whole 50.5% of the vote against the republican candidate, John McCain. In the most new presidential election of 2012, the gross profit of victory was even smaller when they elected participatory President Barack Obama with 49.39% of the vote, over his challenger, mitt Romney, with 49.31%. However, in the bring upwide vote for the presidential candidates, Mitt Romney won Texas with 57.17% of the voters, and Barack Obama only got 41.38%. Even in 2008, John McCain won Texas with 56% of the voters, and Obama only got 44%.congressional electionsIn the new-made congressional elections, the majority of the district voted for Republican candidate, Ted Poe. He defeated the democratic candidate Nick Lampson by a margin of 55.5% to Lampsons 43%.Can your district or stir be conside red to be careen Republican or laddering elected? The major metropolitan areas of Texas, Houston, Dallas, Austin, and San Antonio, have been voting for much better-looking platforms (Democratic) for a outlet of age now, however, the bow as a whole has been leaning in a more conservative manner and voting Republican. States decentlys, the fight for the unborn and their right to life sen cardinalce, and resistance to gun legislation, tend to be some of the top issues for conservative Texas voters. The last time a Democrat carried the state of Texas was in 1976, when Jimmy Carter won the presidential election. During the 2004 presidential election, then President and Republican candidate, George W. Bush, won with 61.09% against 38.30% votes for the Democratic candidate John Kerry. However, in the more recent presidential elections that were held in 2008 and in 2012, the very favorite Democratic candidate, Barack Obama, did non win the majority vote for Texas. Thus, loo king at this information, it can be give tongue to that the state of Texas tends to lean more towards the Republican side.Are the parties relatively even or does one party dominate the elections? Looking at the election results derived from Texas in the quondam(prenominal), it can be said that the Republicans have had the upper hand over the Democratic Party in this state for quite some time, but the cities tend to be very liberal. There are currently only 12 Democratic illustrations and 24 Republican representatives to U.S. House of Representatives. (Govtrack.us). Since 1846, in the state of Texas, there have been 39 Democratic governors, 5 Republican, 1 Unionist, and 1 Independent, with the Republicans holding on to that position for the past 20 divisions. (Texas State Library and memorial Commission)Does your district have a dour tradition of supporting one party or has it been changing in recent years? The Democratic Party had a majority stronghold in my district from as far back as March 30, 1846 until January 3, 2005, when Republican candidate, Ted Poe broke the barrier of Democratic succession. Today, he continues to represent the Texas blink of an eye Congressional dominion in the United States House of Representatives. After the U.S Census in 2010, some(prenominal) Houses of the Texas Legislature introduced bills to redraw the state congressional and legislative boundaries. Due to this process, Texas gained four Congressional seats in the U.S House of Representatives, which was more than any other state. As a result of redistricting, the 2nd Congressional District became more conservative by a small margin, which gave Ted Poe the advantage for re-election. The demographics have as well as changed quite a bit over the past 20 years. In the 1990s, the estimated number of muckle in Harris County was 2,818,199. In 2010, the number rose to 4,092,459. In 2013, there are now 4,336,853 people (U.S Census records). Demographics have changed as well. In 2010, the demographics in Harris County, Texas were as followed.Anglo= 1,349,646Hispanic=1,671,540Afr-Am=754,258Asian=249,853And Other=67,162 match=4,092,459How did your representative and senator come to power? (Thoroughly describe their backgrounds.) Representative Ted Poe attended Abilene Christina University, where he achieved his lives academic class in political science. Ted Poe served in the United States stock Force Reserves, taught high prepare and college classes and wee-wee a law degree from the University of Houston. Soon after graduation, he original a position as a prosecuting officer in Houston, Texas. (U.S. interpreter Ted Poe, 2014) In 1973, he also trustworthy his Juris renovate degree from the University of Houston Law Center. Before get into into politics, he served in the United States Air Force Reserves C-130 unit establish out of Ellington Air Force infrastructure from 1970 to 1976. After serving in the troops for 7 years he changed his life track and became a chief felony prosecutor in Harris County for about 8 years. He then was appointed a felony courtroom judge in Harris County in 1981, fashioning him on of the youngest judges in the state of Texas. Prior to serving in Congress, Ted Poe served for 22 years as a distressing court judge in Houston where he garnered national media attention for his innovative sentences dubbed poetical jurist. Prior to that, he served for 8 years in the Harris County District Attorneys Office, where he became the chief felony prosecutor and never lost a jury trial. (U.S. illustration Ted Poe, 2014)Senator John Cornyn was born in Houston, Texas, and is a graduate from Trinity University with a Bachelor of Arts in Journalism. He earned his Juris Doctor from St. Marys University train of Law in 1977. While he was serving as a Justice on the Texas Supreme judicial system, he was be the University of Virginia School of Law where he achieved his achieve of Law degree. Cornyn was elected as a Judge for Texas 37th District Court from 1985 to 1991. He then was elected as an Associate Justice of the Texas Supreme Court, and served in that position from 1991 to 1997. In 1998, Cornyn decided he wanted to become the Texas Attorney public, and campaigned against Barry Williamson, defeating him by a margin of 58% to 43% in the primary. In the general election, he defeated Jim Mattox, who was the former Attorney command and a U.S. Congressman. John Cornyn is only the second Republican to become an Attorney General in the State of Texas.In a long feastning Senate campaign that follow each candidate over $18 million dollars, Cornyn was elected to the U.S. Senate in 2002, after defeating five other candidates in the Republican Primary, as well as the Democratic candidate, Ron Kirk, by an electoral margin of ten to one. Senator Cornyn succeeded Senator Phil Gramm, also a Republican. He continues to earn the respect from fellow Texans every year by successfully t aking state policies and issues to Washington D.C. Senator Cornyn now serves as nonage Whip for the 113th Congress. He serves on the effectual Senate Finance Committee, which shares jurisdiction over wellness care legislation, and the Senate Judiciary Committee, which questions President Obamas nominees to the Supreme Court of the United States. (Texans for Senator John Cornyn, Inc. 2014.)How do the interest groups (ADA, ACLU, ACU, CC or FRC) rate your representative and senator? Include the accurate scores from each of these groups. American for Democratic put to workion-John Cornyn=0%Ted Poe=10%Family enquiry Council-John Cornyn=88%Ted Poe=100%Christian union-John Cornyn=100%Ted Poe=100%American Civil Liberties Union-John Cornyn=0%Ted Poe=0%American Conservative Union-John Cornyn=88%Ted Poe=88%(VoteSmart.org)Based on these ratings, would you classify your representative and senator as conservative or liberal? Justify your answer. I would say that both my senator and representa tive are conservative, because of the ratings from these three interest groups. The ADA and the ACLU are both liberal leaning and gave low scores. The conservative groups, ACU, FRC, and Christian Coalition all marked both men high on conservative issues. For instance, Senator Cornyn opposed President Barack Obamas health reform legislation, and he also voted against the affected role Protection and low-priced Care Act (which is known to be Obama Care). In 2007, Ted Poe received a zero rating from the stillbirth rights group, also known as NARAL, because he is firmly pro-life (which is primarily a conservative view). He also does not support the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act, calling it government run health care. (Ted Poe, 2009). I personally deem both my senator, and representative for Texas and Harris County, as their positions form up with my values, they understand that the government is move in the wrong direction, and will do whatever it takes to appropriate ly represent the people of Texas.ReferencesStephen Witham. Becoming an Informed Voter. Liberty University, 2014. Texas Politics. The University of Texas at Austin, Liberal Arts Instructional applied science Services, 2009. Retrieved from http//texaspolitics.laits.utexas.edu/6_printable.html Barone, Michael. The Almanac of American Politics 2014. University of dough Press, 2013.Wilson Q. James. American Government, Brief Version. 11th ed. Wadsworth, Cengage Learning. 2009, 2012, 2014. Gu, Paul. Harris County History. TX Political Almanac, 2014. Retrieved from http//www.txpoliticalalmanac.com/index.php?title=Harris_County http//www.votesmart.orgAbout John. Texans for Senator John Cornyn, Inc. 2014. Retrieved fromhttp//www.johncornyn.com/about-john/ Poe, Ted. Ted Poe, U.S. Congressman 2nd District of Texas. United States House of Representatives, 2014. Retrieved from http//poe.house.gov/index.cfm/biography Harris County, Houston County Website. Harris County History. CountyWebsite.co m, Inc. 2014.http//www.thefreedictionary.com/Populist+Partyhttp//reformparty.orghttp//quickfacts.census.gov/qfd/states/48/48201lk.htmlhttps//www.govtrack.us/congress/members/TXGovernors of Texas, 1846-present. Texas State Library and account Commission, 2014. https//www.tsl.texas.gov/ref/abouttx/governors.htmlElissa Haney. Reform School A primer on the political party founded by Ross Perot and boosted by the governorship of Jesse Venture. Pearson Education, 2000-2014. http//www.infoplease.com/spot/reformparty1.html

'Reflective Evaluation – PTTLS Module Essay\r'

'After looking at my small get word on reflection thither are a few things I could improve on. The first being my be after beforehand. To plan a lesson with much than anxiety and time gives you to a greater extent opportunities for inclusive learning. readying accordingly also gives you more independence in your academic academic session as you ceaselessly pretend a backup in case anything goes wrong, one can invariably look back at the lesson plan. Although I did plan and I had a head thought out lesson plan I just mat up like more detail could have gone into my lesson plan. belief a group of non- dancers with a multifariousness of ages and a variety of health issues should have made me realise just somewhat of the issues that may come with this type of lesson. I encounter I should have imbiben more of this into consideration. Maybe non all of the students felt at ease doing the style of dance that I chose. Maybe some of the students were not actually fit en ough to relieve oneself part. I did not direct if there were any health issues before the session started.\r\nIf I would of and somebody would have mouth near their health issue wherefore I would have given them the comparable locomote as e realbody else but I would of quietly had a word with them and ask them not to do it as heavy as the others and to take it at their own pace. The majority of the students had a fun and enjoyable lesson which was one of the objectives of the fork. The other objective was to discern what a ‘dynamic’ is in dance. I smell all students had a drop understanding of this by the end of the session and demonstrated different dynamics in dance and could also colloquy about this at the end of the session. My approach to comprehension was to set the dance steps very basic so that everybody could take part.\r\nI also had a lot of valuate for everybody and this I felt made everybody olfactory property at ease as for some people thi s was an alien environment for them to be in, as some have never been in a dance line before. I feel I could give away this session merely by having more peer taskment by braking the class down into small groups I feel this would benefit the class greatly. This would allow students to talk to each other and talk about any areas that they may be try with. This I feel would be stop than speaking in front of the safe and sound group about any issues you have. To assess this session I would take disgrace of who works best together and take note of how many students struggle with the steps and possibly adapt the steps to cortege the level the non-dancers are at with regards to dance technique. Overall I feel my small teach was a success the world(a) feedback I got was positive and spurred me on to further my knowledge as a instructor and gain more experience as a teacher. I enjoyed my micro teach thoroughly.\r\n'

'Employing Strategy in a Competitive Environment Essay\r'

'Question # 1- throw an purlieual scan for the connection indicating the close to significant environmental threats and discuss how the fellowship should respond to each threat to find out that the impact to the blood is minimal.\r\nCompanies and industries are always impacted by their surroundings. For example, â€Å"all companies turn in a macro environment shaped by processs [including threats] emanating from general economic conditions; nation demographics; societal value and lifestyles; legislating and regulations; technology; and closer to home the sedulousness and competitive environment in which the caller-up operates (Thompson, Strickland, & Gamble, 2010, p.56). Companies fetch an inner and out halo in their macro environment. Happenings in the outer or inner ring of their macro environment may legislate rapidly or slowly, roundtimes nevertheless without advanced knowledge or warning. However, the study forces and factors that can have the larges t impact on shaping the strategy of a community ordain normally cite to the follow’s â€Å"immediate constancy and competitive environmentâ€the actions of rival firms, buyer behavior, provider related considerations, and so on” (Thompson, et al., 2010, p.57).\r\n any of the major influences and threats entrust be discussed below. This interchange bequeath include how Sky Renovations Inc. (SRI) pass on respond to each threat to underwrite that the impact on the business is unbroken at minimal. Economic Conditions\r\nToday’s economic conditions are a coarse advantage for SRI. Because of the circulating(prenominal) foreclosure market, there is to a greater extent situation that is available to enable SRI to renovate, rent, and resale properties. thither are so many contrary stages and types of foreclosures, including the pre- foreclosures, the auctions, and the authentic estate owned (REO) properties, SRI will have no problem decision its market niche (Caplin, 2004).\r\nPopulation Demographics The current population demographics show that there are many” baby boomers” that are in the function of retiring. Some of these â€Å"baby boomers” have been life-long tenants. Some of these people will be first time home buyers and some will be in the process of purchasing an other(a) home, where a introductory home may have been discharge during the past economic turnover. â€Å"Demographics are not quite destiny but do exert a powerful influence on future housing read” (Belsky, 2009, p. 99). SRI will switch sure that population demographics will be carefully considered in all operations and expansions within the company. social Values and Lifestyles\r\nSocietal values and lifestyles will determine the very existence and expansion of SRI. The determination of how clients and customers choose to live will determine the profitability of the company. SRI essential even off sure that its core values, m ission statements, and mental imagery statements coincide with the society’s values and lifestyles for this specific era. A strategic slew will point SRI in the desired direction, plan SRI’s strategic path, and course of action its organizational identity (Thompson, et al., 2010).\r\nLegislation and Regulations SRI must be very sensitive to the code and regulations that will be surrounding the foreclosure and corporeal estate markets. These laws and regulations will determine SRI’s competitive advantage over other companies entering the market. Since much of SRI’s business depends on its ability to buy property at a discount and parcel out or rent this property at a discount or low-priced price, SRI much stay abreast to and legislative and regulative changes in regard to the real estate and renovations industry.\r\nTechnology Technology is ever-changing at such a rapid pace. SRI must keep the accurate, proper, up-dated computer equipment, and webs ites to make sure that SRI’s presence and handiness is accessible to any client or potential clients. These technological up-dates must be done on a incessant and consistence basis. This will give SRI a physical and web presence on a local, national, and international level.\r\nThe factors, issues, and occurrences that are frame in a company’s industry and competitive environment should be considered the strongest of the external threats.”However, the factors and forces in a company’s macro-environment having the biggest strategy-shaping impact typically pertain to the company’s immediate industry and competitive environment-the actions of rivals firms, buyer behavior, supplier-related conditions, and so on” (Thompson, et al., 2010, p. 57).\r\n'

'Psychology Department of Indiana University\r'

'Brought up with an old fashi one and scarce(a)d spirit, Skinner was a illustrious American psychologist. He was natural to a family wherein he has a lawyer for a father and a rather intelligent and strong wil take m early(a). He was born on the 20th of March in the twelvemonth 1904. He was a very active small fry who loved school a hook. One of his interests was to pee-pee things outdoors. However, there were depressing instances in his childhood as well. One of these instances involved the death of his brother at the age of 16. B. F. Skinner was born in Pennsylvania, Susquehana.He was raise to be an American, but sources say he has a trace of English in his ancestral blood. He studied in New York at the Hamilton College, and attain his degree in English. He participated in a lot of extra curricular activities in school. nevertheless what could be remembered about him in that academic instituion is to brace been required to attend church every sidereal day as an Atheist . One of his dreams was to become a near writer, and he tried to achieve that by direct copies of his stories and poetry. He tried to focus on expression his craft, but in the end, he finally realize that writing would no be the career for him.With this in mind, he instead hesitated with his writing lifestyle and took his master and doctorate degrees on pschology in Harvard. He led the Psychology Department of Indiana University as the president in the year 1945. He was invited to be at Harvard, where he stayed until he passed. He achieved a lot of research and application about his theories and studiies. But one remained highly world-shattering. When he failed to become the writer he hoped himself to be, he became the scholar that will forever be remembered for his contributions to the society and to the acedeme.He was considered as the most celebrated psychologist, afterward Freud. He remains to be remembered to today because his passing(a) was not yet that long ago. With that said, the impact he had on the country was well remembered and creditted for. Some of his significant sttudies was on the theory of Operant Condition. As the stern of the theories that followed this one, his theory became of the most memorable theories. This theory involves how mint are merely bouncing in their knowledge world, doing what it was doing when he was seen.He also called this operating due to the nature that it involves reaction, brought about a certain stimulus. In other terms, a person does one thing and experiences consequences. The coterminous time he experiences a similar stimulus, he would try to evade the consequences that follows itâ€either by rejecting the misadventure or changing certain elements. This theory began the line of other theories rendered under his name and line of business. By this, he was made famous. A lot of stack got curious about his discoveries, and these in turn, were shared to a lot of other people.His knowledge is perhaps h is great asset, without it, he would not have been able to establish himself in the manner that his theories are well interpreted in academic institutions. His life was not only introduced to a wide array of possibilities when he began to study psychology, but he was able to establish his ground level in the history of man. He began by imagine of becoming a writer. However, in the end, he got himself into psychology, and observe that this would be much preferable. Reference Boeree, C. G. (2006). B. F. Skinner. Retrieved April 11, 2008 from http://webspace. ship. edu/cgboer/skinner. html.\r\n'

'Florence Nightingale Environment Theory Essay\r'

'Major concepts essential to the Theory.\r\nPatient concern theory, environmentally oriented, where the patient environment should be altered to pull up stakes nature to act on the patient. (Alligood, 2010). Nurses ar to use common sense, observation and initiative to allow nature to heal the patient. The use of Nightingales thirteen canons:\r\nVentilation,\r\n heart\r\nLight\r\nCleanliness of rooms\r\nHealth of houses\r\nNoise\r\n rump and bedding\r\nVariety\r\nChattering of hopes and advice\r\nFood\r\n face-to-face cleanliness\r\n contemplation\r\nApproaches, to patient care.\r\nNightingale believed nursing is a spiritual calling, and all nurses can help the patients in spiritual distress, making it a holistic approach. The ism of the environmental theory of nursing sum ups well with todays nursing process. The nurses need to assess, identify, implement, evaluate and make changes to the plan to fit the patient individually until the patient has the desired wellness level. Te aching by the nurses when caring for the sick as well as the patient that has already healed. Observation of the patient and independent judgments made by the nurses.\r\nExamples of each approach to patient care.\r\nDaily changing of patients linens, as well as maintaining them wrinkle free for bark integrity of the patient. Assisting patients on the daily personal cleanliness, as well as applying moisture to the skin for protection. Maintaining affray to the minimum and allowing patients to have rest time. Keeping the conversations concentrate on the patient, avoid personal talk or chattering, giving false hopes. Observing and Documenting intake and railroad siding by shift to have a defecate view of the nutritional level of the patient. Encourage wholesome eating as well as tipsiness and maintain fluids by patient side at all times.\r\nReference\r\nMartha Riley, Alligood, (2010). ”. In: (ed), Nursing Theory. quaternate ed. : Mosby. pp.97-109.\r\n'

'Rizal as a role-model for students\r'

'Rizal Submitted by: Jose Marcko Durano Submitted to: Sir Parawan Rizal, American sponsored Hero |Rizal was an American-sponsored ace | Rector’s Bill |Claro M. Recto Foundation | why is Rizal the National hero? |Jose Rizal | Disc overy in Binyan Jose Rizal |Jose Rizal | Blumentritt’s role in the propaganda war |Ferdinand Blumentritt | Rizal’s stinginess |Rizal’s stinginess |Rizal as a role-model for students |Liability | What did Rizal read? |He grew up in a home with a large | |library. | ———————†He became the national hero wholly because of the Americans who sponsored and encouraged the Rizal cult. Andres Bonifacio made Rizal the honorary president of KKK. KKK origin Asians to rebel against a Western colonial business office and establish a republic. A traitor to the revolution. The superior Malay who ever lived. Aguinaldo declared this day to be an annual â€Å"Day of National Mourning. ”Decembe r 1898 The Rizal channel is coded as PI 100; Putang Ina 100. Made the Rizal bill. disciple’s feel it’s useless analyse this. Students today don’t appreciate a great deal studying Rizal’s life. He was one public who was willing to risk losing votes because of his principles. Catholics schools threatened to close take a crap if the Rizal bill passed. Recto’s bill passed the law on 1956. Hero of all heroes. Spirit of Revolution â€Å"My dreams founder always guided my actions. ” He was a quiet, undisturbed man who wilfully and calmly walked to his death originator convictions. Unconscious hero. ” Jose Potracio Rizal Mercado Y Realonda †Alonzo Teodora Alonzo Realonda Francis Mercado June 19, 1861 Regina Ursua Manuel de Qunito Brigada de Quintos Lorenzo Alberto Alonzo Domingo Lamco Ines Dela Rosa Cirila Bernacha Francisco Mercado Good conversancy and correspondent of Rizal. He attacked anti-Filipino writers. First European sc holars o specialized in Phils. Studies. He was walking around, peeking and salivating. He goes back to the apartment as if he had eaten already. His requital was delayed. Pride and seriousnessThrifty Rizal did not like the idea of give the drinks for the party. Going in to Rizal’s school, they would be left hand with no â€Å"free” time. Because we had to give up playfulness and games to read and study. Most students today doubt Rizal’s accomplishments. He saves his allowance to buy books. Honore de Balzac, Alexandre Dumas, and Count of monte Cristo. He read a lot of french literature. Rizal owned a valuable collection of over 2,000 books. He owned dictionaries and three different versions of the bible. Rizal overly owned a lot of picture books.\r\n'

'The Lost Symbol Chapter 30-32\r'

'CHAPTER 30\r\nSB level.\r\nSenate basement.\r\nRobert Langdons claustrophobia gripped him much than than than tightly with e genuinely hastening step of their descent. As they locomote deeper into the buildings original foundation, the air became loaded down(p), and the ventilation seemed n unmatchablexistent. The w completelys gobble up hither were an uneven shading of st single and yellow brick.\r\nconductor Sato typed on her BlackBerry as they walked. Langdon sensed a suspicion in her booked opusner, beneficial the disembodied spirit was quickly becoming reciprocal. Sato still hadnt t experient him how she knew Langdon was here tonight. An coming gumption of national certification? He had a stop snip understanding whatever relation surrounded by antiquated mysticism and national security. Then over again, he had a disenfranchised time understanding a lot of any function roughly this situation.\r\n puppet Solomon en real me with a talisman . . . a delu ded lunatic tricked me into b biding it to the Capitol and wants me to practise it to unlock a orphic portal . . . possibly in a room c whollyed SBB13.\r\nNot exactly a view picture.\r\nAs they pressed on, Langdon tried to shake from his object the horrible image of spears tattooed hand, transformed into the Hand of the Mysteries. The nauseated picture was accompanied by barbs join: The antediluvian patriarch Mysteries, Robert, film spawned some(prenominal) apologues . . . al unrivalled that does not flirt with they themselves are fiction.\r\nDespite a career perusal inexplicable symbolic representations and history, Langdon had evermore struggled in secernectually with the judgment of the superannuated Mysteries and their potent promise of apotheosis.\r\nAdmittedly, the historical record contained sure evidence that confidential cognizance had been passed conquer by dint of the ages, apparently having come by of the Mystery Schools in early Egypt. This k st raight offledge locomote underground, resur approach in rebirth Europe, where, according to or so accounts, it was entrusted to an elite grouping of scientists deep down the groins of Europes premier scientific think tankâ€the lofty Society of Londonâ€enigmatically nicknamed the Invisible College.\r\nThis break through of sight â€Å"college” quickly became a brain trust of the worlds closely enlightened minds†those of Isaac Newton, Francis Bacon, Robert Boyle, and even Benjamin Franklin. To twenty-four hours, the add up of sophisticated â€Å"fellows” was no less impressiveâ€Einstein, Hawking, Bohr, and Celsius. These nifty minds had all made quantum leaps in human understanding, advances that, according to a couple of(prenominal), were the case of their exposure to ancient lore hush-hush at heart the Invisible College. Langdon doubted this was sure, although certainly on that point had been an unusual nitty-gritty of â€Å"mystica l work” taking place within those walls.\r\nThe disco very of Isaac Newtons secret cover in 1936 had immobilise the world by revealing Newtons all-consuming passion for the examine of ancient alchemy and mystical cognition. Newtons private papers included a written letter to Robert Boyle in which he exhorted Boyle to keep â€Å"high calm” regarding the mystical knowledge they had learned. â€Å"It batchnot be communicated,” Newton wrote, â€Å"with let on immense cost to the world.”\r\nThe meaning of this strange inform was still be debated today.\r\nâ€Å"Professor,” Sato tell suddenly, glancing up from her BlackBerry, â€Å"despite your insistence that you call for no idea why youre here tonight, mayhap you could shed light on the meaning of Peter Solomons ring.”\r\nâ€Å"I wad try,” Langdon said, refocusing.\r\nShe produced the specimen bag and give it to Langdon. â€Å"Tell me ab turn up the symbols on his ring.†\r\nLangdon examined the familiar ring as they moved through the deserted passageway. Its brass instrument bore the image of a double-headed phoenix memory a banner proclaiming ORDO AB CHAO, and its chest was emblaz unmatchedd with the look 33. â€Å"The double-headed phoenix with the number thirty- trey is the emblem of the highest masonic degree.” Technically, this prestigious degree existed solely within the economical sacrament. Nonetheless, the rites and degrees of Masonry were a complex hierarchy that Langdon had no appetency to detail for Sato tonight. â€Å"Essentially, the thirty- third degree is an elite purity reserved for a small group of tone ending accomplished Masons. All the other degrees faeces be attained by successful completion of the preceding degree, unless ascension to the thirty-third degree is controlled. Its by invitation still.”\r\nâ€Å"So you were aware that Peter Solomon was a division of this elite inner circle?”\r\ nâ€Å"Of course. Membership is simply a secret.”\r\nâ€Å"And he is their highest-ranking official?”\r\nâ€Å"Currently, yes. Peter heads the dictatorial Council Thirty-third Degree, which is the governing body of the Scottish Rite in America.” Langdon unendingly loved visit their provideâ€the House of the Templeâ€a classical chef-doeuvre whose symbolic ornamentation rivaled that of Scotlands Rosslyn Chapel.\r\nâ€Å"Professor, did you notice the engraving on the rings band? It bears the words `All is revealed at the thirty-third degree. â€Å"\r\nLangdon nodded. â€Å"Its a common theme in masonic lore.”\r\nâ€Å"Meaning, I assume, that if a Mason is admitted to this highest thirty-third degree, indeed something special is revealed to him?”\r\nâ€Å"Yes, thats the lore, but probably not the reality. Theres always been conspiratorial conjecture that a select hardly a(prenominal) within this highest echelon of Masonry are made privy to some prominent mystical secret. The truth, I suspect, is probably removed less dramatic.”\r\nPeter Solomon often made roguish allusions to the existence of a singular Masonic secret, but Langdon always assumed it was just a tight attempt to coax him into joining the brotherhood. Unfortunately, tonights events had been anything but playful, and there had been nothing mischievous about the seriousness with which Peter had urged Langdon to protect the sealed package in his daybag.\r\nLangdon glanced forlornly at the plastic bag containing Peters gold ring. â€Å"Director,” he asked, â€Å"would you mind if I held on to this?”\r\nShe looked over. â€Å"Why?”\r\nâ€Å"Its very valuable to Peter, and Id manage to return it to him tonight.”\r\nShe looked skeptical. â€Å"Lets hope you conk out that chance.” â€Å"Thanks.” Langdon pocketed the ring.\r\nâ€Å"Another question,” Sato said as they hastened deeper into the labyri nth. â€Å"My staff said that while cross-checking the concepts of the `thirty-third degree and `portal with Masonry, they glowering up literally hundreds of generators to a ` profit?”\r\nâ€Å"Thats not surprise, either,” Langdon said. â€Å"The benefit builders of Egypt are the fore commencements of the in advance(p) stonemasons, and the pyramid, a foresightful with Egyptian themes, is very common in Masonic symbolism.”\r\nâ€Å"Symbolizing what?”\r\nâ€Å"The pyramid essentially represents enlightenment. Its an architectural symbol emblematic of ancient mans ability to dishonour free from his earthly plane and ascend upward(a) toward heaven, toward the golden sun, and ultimately, toward the supreme source of illumination.”\r\nShe waited a moment. â€Å" zilch else?”\r\nNothing else?! Langdon had just described one of historys most elegant symbols. The structure through which man rattling(a) himself into the realm of the gods.\r\nâ⠂¬Å"According to my staff,” she said, â€Å"it sounds like there is a much more relevant connection tonight. They tell me there exists a popular caption about a specific pyramid here in Washingtonâ€a pyramid that relates specifically to the Masons and the old-fashioned Mysteries?”\r\nLangdon now realized what she was referring to, and he tried to run off the notion before they wasted any more time. â€Å"I am familiar with the legend, Director, but its utter(a) fantasy. The Masonic gain is one of D.C.s most durable novels, probably stemming from the pyramid on the Great postage of the United States.”\r\nâ€Å"Why didnt you mention it earlier?”\r\nLangdon shrugged. â€Å"Because it has no basis in fact. Like I said, its a myth. One of many associated with the Masons.”\r\nâ€Å"And yet this particular myth relates directly to the Ancient Mysteries?”\r\nâ€Å"Sure, as do sight of others. The Ancient Mysteries are the foundation for countless legends that have survived in historyâ€stories about goodly science protected by secret reserveians like the Templars, the Rosicrucians, the Illuminati, the Alumbradosâ€the list goes on and on. They are all based on the Ancient Mysteries . . . and the Masonic benefit is just one example.”\r\nâ€Å"I see,” Sato said. â€Å"And what does this legend actually say?”\r\nLangdon con slopered it for a few steps and and so replied, â€Å"Well, Im no medical specialist in conspiracy theory, but I am educated in mythology, and most accounts go something like this: The Ancient Mysteriesâ€the baffled wisdom of the agesâ€have recollective been considered valet de chambres most sacred treasure, and like all great treasures, they have been carefully protected. The enlightened sages who understood the true situation of this wisdom learned to fear its dreadful potential. They knew that if this secret knowledge were to fall into uninitiated hands, the results could be devastating; as we said earlier, powerful tools can be used either for good or for evil. So, in auberge to protect the Ancient Mysteries, and mankind in the process, the early practitioners formed secret fraternities. deep down these brotherhoods, they overlap their wisdom only with the properly initiated, passing the wisdom from sage to sage. Many call back we can look back and see the historical remnants of those who know the Mysteries . . . in the stories of sorcerers, magicians, and healers.”\r\nâ€Å"And the Masonic pyramid?” Sato asked. â€Å"How does that fit in?”\r\nâ€Å"Well,” Langdon said, striding faster now to keep pace, â€Å"this is where history and myth begin to merge. According to some accounts, by the 16th century in Europe, most all of these secret fraternities had drive extinct, most of them exterminated by a growing tide of religious persecution. The Freemasons, it is said, became the last hold out cust odians of the Ancient Mysteries. Understandably, they feared that if their own brotherhood one day died off like its predecessors, the Ancient Mysteries would be disjointed for all time.”\r\nâ€Å"And the pyramid?” Sato again pressed.\r\nLangdon was getting to it. â€Å"The legend of the Masonic Pyramid is preferably simple. It states that the Masons, in order to fulfill their responsibility of protecting this great wisdom for future generations, decided to hide it in a great fortress.” Langdon tried to gather his recollections of the story. â€Å"Again, I nisus this is all myth, but allegedly, the Masons transported their secret wisdom from the white-haired World to the New Worldâ€here, to Americaâ€a land they hoped would remain free from religious tyranny. And here they built an impenetrable fortressâ€a hidden pyramid†designed to protect the Ancient Mysteries until the time that all of mankind was ready to handle the awed power that this wis dom could communicate. According to the myth, the Masons crowned their great pyramid with a shining, solid-gold capstone as symbol of the precious treasure withinâ€the ancient wisdom capable of empowering mankind to his full human potential. Apotheosis.”\r\nâ€Å" sort of a story,” Sato said.\r\nâ€Å"Yes. The Masons fall victim to all kinds of ill legends.”\r\nâ€Å"Obviously you dont believe such a pyramid exists.”\r\nâ€Å"Of course not,” Langdon replied. â€Å"Theres no evidence whatsoever to counsel that our Masonic forefathers built any kind of pyramid in America, much less in D.C. Its middling difficult to hide a pyramid, especially one large enough to hold all the lost wisdom of the ages.”\r\nThe legend, as Langdon recalled, never explained exactly what was supposititious to be in spite of appearance the Masonic Pyramidâ€whether it was ancient texts, occult writings, scientific revelations, or something far more mysteriousà ¢â‚¬but the legend did say that the precious information inside was ingeniously encoded . . . and understandable only to the most enlightened souls.\r\nâ€Å"Anyway,” Langdon said, â€Å"this story falls into a category we symbologists call an ` archetypal hybridâ€a blend of other classic legends, borrowing so many elements from popular mythology that it could only be a pretended construct . . . not historical fact.”\r\nWhen Langdon taught his students about archetypal hybrids, he used the example of fairy tales, which were recounted crosswise generations and exaggerated over time, borrowing so severely from one another that they evolved into homogenized morality tales with the identical iconic elements†virginal damsels, handsome princes, impenetrable fortresses, and powerful wizards. By way of fairy tales, this primeval affair of â€Å"good vs. evil” is ingrained into us as children through our stories: Merlin vs. Morgan le Fay, Saint George vs. the Dragon, Ddevouring(a) vs. Goliath, hoodwink White vs. the Witch, and even Luke Skywalker battling Darth Vader.\r\nSato scratched her head as they turned a corner and followed Anderson down a ill-judged flight of stairs. â€Å"Tell me this. If Im not misinterpreted, pyramids were once considered mystical portals through which the deceased pharaohs could ascend to the gods, were they not?”\r\nâ€Å"True.”\r\nSato stop short and caught Langdons arm, glaring up at him with an looking somewhere between surprise and disbelief. â€Å"Youre saying Peter Solomons captor told you to find a hidden portal, and it didnt follow to you that he was reproofing about the Masonic Pyramid from this legend?”\r\nâ€Å"By any name, the Masonic Pyramid is a fairy tale. Its purely fantasy.”\r\nSato stepped closer to him now, and Langdon could heart her cigarette breath. â€Å"I understand your position on that, Professor, but for the sake of my investigation, the parallel is hard to ignore. A portal leading to secret knowledge? To my ear, this sounds a lot like what Peter Solomons captor claims you, alone, can unlock.”\r\nâ€Å"Well, I can hardly believeâ€â€Å"\r\nâ€Å"What you believe is not the point. No matter what you believe, you must give in that this man might himself believe that the Masonic Pyramid is real.”\r\nâ€Å"The mans a lunatic! He may well(p) believe that SBB long dozen is the entrance to a titan underground pyramid that contains all the lost wisdom of the ancients!”\r\nSato stood pure(a)ly still, her eyes seething. â€Å"The crisis I am facing tonight is not a fairy tale, Professor. It is quite real, I assure you.”\r\nA cold calm down hung between them. â€Å"Maam?” Anderson in the long run said, gesturing to another secure accession ten feet away. â€Å"Were almost there, if youd like to continue.” Sato at long last broke eye contact with Langdon, motioning for Anderson to move on. They followed the security chief through the secure doorway, which deposited them in a narrow passage. Langdon looked left and indeed remedy.\r\nYouve got to be kidding.\r\nHe was standing in the longest entrance hall he had ever seen.\r\nCHAPTER 31\r\n Trish Dunne mat up the familiar hurry of adrenaline as she exited the bright lights of the Cube and moved into the raw darkness of the void. The SMSCs front gate had just called to say that Katherines guest, Dr. Abaddon, had arrived and required an escort back to shell 5. Trish had offered to bring him back, mostly out of curiosity. Katherine had said very little about the man who would be visiting them, and Trish was intrigued. The man was apparently someone Peter Solomon trusted deeply; the Solomons never invited anyone back to the Cube. This was a first.\r\nI hope he handles the crossing okay, Trish thought as she moved through the frigid darkness. The last thing she needed was Katherines VIP panicking when he reali zed what he had to do to get to the lab. The first time is always the worst.\r\nTrishs first time had been about a yr ago. She had accepted Katherines job offer, signed a nondisclosure, and then come to the SMSC with Katherine to see the lab. The two women had walked the length of â€Å"The Street,” arriving at a metal door marked seed fuel pod 5. Even though Katherine had tried to prepare her by describing the labs remote location, Trish was not ready for what she saw when the pod door hissed open.\r\nThe void.\r\nKatherine stepped over the threshold, walked a few feet into the perfect blackness, and then motioned for Trish to follow. â€Å"Trust me. You wont get lost.”\r\nTrish pictured herself ramble in a pitch-black, stadium-size room and broke a sweat at the mere thought.\r\nâ€Å"We have a guidance system to keep you on track.” Katherine pointed to the floor. â€Å" real low- tech.”\r\nTrish squinted through the darkness at the rough cementum flo or. It took a moment to see it in the darkness, but there was a narrow carpet runner that had been laid down in a smashing line. The carpet ran like a roadway, disappearing into the darkness.\r\nâ€Å" perk with your feet,” Katherine said, turning and walking off. â€Å"Just follow right behind me.”\r\nAs Katherine disappeared into the blackness, Trish swallowed her fear and followed. This is insane! She had taken only a few steps down the carpet when the Pod 5 door swung close down behind her, snuffing out the last faint leash of light. Pulse racing, Trish turned all of her attention to the odour of the carpet beneath her feet. She had ventured only a fistful of steps down the soft runner when she snarl the side of her right foot hit hard cement. Startled, she instinctively corrected to the left, getting both feet back on soft carpet.\r\nKatherines voice materialized up leading in the blackness, her words almost entirely swallowed by the lifeless acoustics of t his abyss. â€Å"The human body is amazing,” she said. â€Å"If you deprive it of one sensory input, the other senses take over, almost instantly. in good order now, the nerves in your feet are literally `tuning themselves to become more sensitive.”\r\nGood thing, Trish thought, correcting course again.\r\nThey walked in silence for what seemed entirely too long. â€Å"How much farther?” Trish finally asked.\r\nâ€Å"Were about halfway.” Katherines voice sounded more distant now.\r\nTrish sped up, doing her stovepipe to stay composed, but the breadth of the darkness felt like it would engulf her. I cant see one millimeter in front of my face! â€Å"Katherine? How do you know when to stop walking?”\r\nâ€Å"Youll know in a moment,” Katherine said.\r\nThat was a year ago, and now, tonight, Trish was once again in the void, heading in the opposite direction, out to the lobby to retrieve her bosss guest. A sudden variegate in carpet texture b eneath her feet alerted her that she was three yards from the exit. The warning track, as it was called by Peter Solomon, an avid baseball fan. Trish halt short, pulled out her key card, and groped in the darkness along the wall until she found the brocaded slot and inserted her card.\r\nThe door hissed open.\r\nTrish squinted into the welcoming light of the SMSC hallway.\r\n do it . . . again.\r\nMoving through the deserted corridors, Trish found herself thought about the bizarre redacted file they had found on a secure network. Ancient portal? inexplicable location underground? She wondered if Mark Zoubianis was having any sight figuring out where the mysterious roll was located. inner the control room, Katherine stood in the soft glow of the germ plasm wall and gazed up at the enigmatic document they had uncovered. She had isolated her key phrases now and felt progressively certain that the document was talking about the very(prenominal) far-flung legend that her brother had apparently shared with Dr. Abaddon.\r\n. . . secret location UNDERGROUND where the . . .\r\n. . . somewhere in WASHINGTON, D.C., the coordinates . . .\r\n. . . uncovered an ANCIENT PORTAL that led . . .\r\n. . . warning the PYRAMID holds dangerous . . .\r\n. . . decipher this ENGRAVED SYMBOLON to produce . . .\r\nI need to see the rest of the file, Katherine thought.\r\nShe stared a moment longer and then flipped the plasma walls power switch. Katherine always turned off this energy-intensive display so as not to waste the fuel cells liquid hydrogen reserves.\r\nShe watched as her keywords slowly faded, collapsing down into a tiny white dot, which hovered in the middle of the wall and then finally twinkled out.\r\nShe turned and walked back toward her office. Dr. Abaddon would be arriving momentarily, and she precious to make him feel welcome.\r\nCHAPTER 32\r\nâ€Å" roughly there,” Anderson said, guiding Langdon and Sato down the seemingly endless corridor that ran th e entire length of the Capitols eastern foundation. â€Å"In Lincolns day, this passage had a dirt floor and was filled with rats.”\r\nLangdon felt welcome the floor had been tiled; he was not a big fan of rats. The group continued on, their footfalls thrum up an eerie, uneven echo in the long passageway. Doorways lined the long hallway, some closed but many ajar. Many of the rooms down on this level looked abandoned. Langdon noticed the numbers on the doors were now descending and, after a while, seemed to be foot race out.\r\nSB4 . . . SB3 . . . SB2 . . . SB1 . . .\r\nThey continued past an unmarked door, but Anderson stopped short when the numbers began ascending again.\r\nHB1 . . . HB2 . . .\r\nâ€Å"Sorry,” Anderson said. â€Å"Missed it. I almost never come down this deep.”\r\nThe group backed up a few yards to an old metal door, which Langdon now realized was located at the hallways central pointâ€the meridian that divided the Senate cellar (SB) an d the House Basement (HB). As it turned out, the door was indeed marked, but its engraving was so faded, it was almost imperceptible.\r\nSBB\r\nâ€Å"Here we are,” Anderson said. â€Å"Keys will be arriving any moment.”\r\nSato frowned and check out her watch.\r\nLangdon eyed the SBB marking and asked Anderson, â€Å"Why is this space associated with the Senate side even though its in the middle?”\r\nAnderson looked puzzled. â€Å"What do you mean?”\r\nâ€Å"It says SBB, which begins with an S, not an H.”\r\nAnderson shook his head. â€Å"The S in SBB doesnt stand for Senate. Itâ€â€Å"\r\nâ€Å"Chief?” a carry called out in the distance. He came jogging up the hallway toward them, holding out a key. â€Å"Sorry, sir, it took a few minutes. We couldnt locate the main SBB key. This is a spare from an addition box.”\r\nâ€Å"The original is missing?” Anderson said, sounding surprised.\r\nâ€Å"Probably lost,” the g uard replied, arriving out of breath. â€Å"Nobody has requested access down here for ages.”\r\nAnderson took the key. â€Å"No secondhand key for SBB xiii?”\r\nâ€Å"Sorry, so far were not finding keys for any of the rooms in the SBB. MacDonalds on it now.” The guard pulled out his piano tuner and spoke into it. â€Å"Bob? Im with the chief. Any special info yet on the key for SBB thirteen?”\r\nThe guards receiving set crackled, and a voice replied, â€Å"Actually, yeah. Its strange. Im seeing no entries since we computerized, but the hard logs indicate all the retentivity rooms in the SBB were cleaned out and abandoned more than twenty years ago. Theyre now listed as wise space.” He paused. â€Å"All except for SBB Thirteen.”\r\nAnderson grabbed the radio. â€Å"This is the chief. What do you mean, all except SBB Thirteen?”\r\nâ€Å"Well, sir,” the voice replied, â€Å"Ive got a handwritten notation here that designat es SBB Thirteen as `private. It was a long time ago, but its written and initialed by the Architect himself.”\r\nThe term Architect, Langdon knew, was not a reference to the man who had designed the Capitol, but rather to the man who ran it. Similar to a building manager, the man name as Architect of the Capitol was in charge of everything including maintenance, restoration, security, hiring personnel, and depute offices.\r\nâ€Å"The strange thing . . .” the voice on the radio said, â€Å"is that the Architects notation indicates that this `private space was set aside for the use of Peter Solomon.”\r\nLangdon, Sato, and Anderson all exchanged startled looks.\r\nâ€Å"Im guessing, sir,” the voice continued, â€Å"that Mr. Solomon has our primary key to the SBB as well as any keys to SBB Thirteen.”\r\nLangdon could not believe his ears. Peter has a private room in the basement of the Capitol? He had always known Peter Solomon had secrets, but this was surprising even to Langdon.\r\nâ€Å"Okay,” Anderson said, clearly unamused. â€Å"Were hoping to get access to SBB Thirteen specifically, so keep looking for a secondary key.”\r\nâ€Å"Will do, sir. Were also working on the digital image that you requestedâ€â€Å"\r\nâ€Å"Thank you,” Anderson interrupted, pressing the talk button and cutting him off. â€Å"That will be all. shoot that file to Director Satos BlackBerry as curtly as you have it.”\r\nâ€Å"Understood, sir.” The radio went silent.\r\nAnderson handed the radio back to the guard in front of them. The guard pulled out a photocopy of a purpose and handed it to his chief. â€Å"Sir, the SBB is in gray, and weve notated with an X which room is SBB Thirteen, so it shouldnt be hard to find. The area is quite small.”\r\nAnderson thanked the guard and turned his focus to the blueprint as the four-year-old man hurried off. Langdon looked on, surprised to see the awesome num ber of cubicles that made up the bizarre inner ear beneath the U.S. Capitol.\r\nAnderson studied the blueprint for a moment, nodded, and then stuffed it into his pocket. Turning to the door marked SBB, he increase the key, but hesitated, looking uneasy about chess opening it. Langdon felt similar misgivings; he had no idea what was behind this door, but he was quite certain that whatever Solomon had hidden down here, he wanted to keep private. Very private.\r\nSato cleared her throat, and Anderson got the message. The chief took a deep breath, inserted the key, and tried to turn it. The key didnt move. For a split second, Langdon felt hopeful the key was wrong. On the second try, though, the lock turned, and Anderson heaved the door open.\r\nAs the heavy door creaked outward, damp air rushed out into the corridor.\r\nLangdon peered into the darkness but could see nothing at all.\r\nâ€Å"Professor,” Anderson said, glancing back at Langdon as he groped blindly for a light s witch. â€Å"To answer your question, the S in SBB doesnt stand for Senate. It stands for sub.”\r\nâ€Å"Sub?” Langdon asked, puzzled.\r\nAnderson nodded and flicked the switch just inside the door. A single bulb illuminated an alarmingly steep staircase descending into inky blackness. â€Å"SBB is the Capitols subbasement.”\r\n'

'Child Marriage in India Essay\r'

'Child mating means that two minorren argon forced to embrace each other with the consent of the two families. The children atomic number 18 forced into the world of marri time without knowing some its signifi arousece in the long run.\r\nthough resurrects are of the opinion that they involve their children in much(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal) rituals because it is an climb on old custom and it leave behind also ascertain the coming(prenominal) of their children precisely the reality is not so. though in some cases parents believe in such superstitions and dogmas in other cases greed is the most crucial factor.\r\nHow can a girl’s succeeding(a) become secured if she crosss married to a man who is 60 years of eld while the girl herself is hardly 14 or 15? Only their parent’s future lead be secured with the heart of money the man and his family pay in fruit of the girl.\r\nThis heinous crime cannot be termed as coupling it is simply selling o f the girl child. The man forget molest her at a tender age and at the same time he will kiss death pretty soon. The girl will end up being so horror-stricken with the custom of mating that she will dare not enter the institution again. A integral future filled with frustration and anger will matter thereby.\r\nThe sad news is that the institution of child nuptials is s money box present in India in a number of villages and di inexorables. Though the g all overnment activity has taken strict actions and child marriage has been declared as a big crime, still this practise is prevalent till today.\r\nThe question that arises is that what can be done to drive out this hidden crime? A split up from the measures taken by the government it is essential for colleges and other institutions like non- government organizations to shake off certain moves. It is advisable to approach such villages and districts and educate the parents about the ill- effects of child marriage. Though it is not easy to make them understand advantageously but you never know that which activity or step of yours can change their minds at whatever point of time.\r\nShort films, live plays can be shown to them and the moral behind these plays should obviously show the punch-drunk future of the kids who are forced to get married. much and more schools should be set up in such villages as a result of which deal will to begin with or later get their children admitted in schools. Such people should also be informed about the punishment given by the law and order of the country in an hyperbolize way so that they get immensely stir even before thinking about such a crime. It is also advisable on the part of the government to take as strict actions as possible in order to abolish this institution completely.\r\nThe path is tough but victory can be achieved if strict actions are taken. College students as a part of their college campaign can visit such villages and personally talk to the mothers of children explaining the ill- effects of child marriage in the lives of their children. It is easier to make a mother explain the problems her child would face because women are soft by nature. India is a developing nation and aims to become a developed nation in the near future, but can a developed nation absorb brides and grooms who have not yet attained adulthood. It is impractical for India to become a developed nation if child marriage is not abolished.\r\nGovernment should start an doubtfulness in such districts and villages and the homes where married couples under the age of 18 and 21 for a girl and a boy respectively are found, strict actions should be taken. The girl should be sent to her parent’s home and both the parents of the couple should be punished. in that respect are places where mere words cannot change an psyche’s heart. It is only strict action in the form of punishment that can alter their minds.\r\nThe sooner this institution of child marriage is abolished the better for the whole nation. It is true that the percentage of child marriage has dropped over the years but still this institution exists. altogether the citizens should join hands to abolish this practice to make India a better place to live in.\r\n'

'Internet a Tool of Modern Age\r'

'Mass Media Society Abstract This paper shows the problems of plume media. Mass media is absolutely important for our life. However, as a good deal as plenty media plays an important role in our baseb every last(predicate) club, it causes or so skillful problems. Mass media put up by heart ofs citizens recognize misjudgments by distorting the truth. Most serious problem plenty media shadower affect perfect motive to our federation. Mass media has been essential more than and more as society has grown, be mindming pennyralized representation in our society. Exaggerated limit of surge media affect bad sides to mickle-especially teenagers. few community list to believe fix media absolutely, so it is excessively becomes a problem. telecasting, profit, and announce, nowa daylights, the closely important medium of green goddess media shoots some problems to each an separate(prenominal)(a), so these argon issue in society which citizenry thrust to solve . Mass Media major power The more society has grown, the bigger the market of bay window media has been developed. Hibbert (2006) defined in the book the power of media that slew media is all part of tv, radio, Web sites, newspapers, magazines and books. They deliver education to the public (p. 6). mint stinker get together and understand their society by means of and by hole media. Before 1960s, majority media was non public. Some citizens could allow intercourse how their society and economy were travel according to newspaper. Since 1970s when television was invented, the market of cumulus media has been developed. Now, to the highest degree fields of bargain media were created, so we tramp meet mass media really easily non only on the streets solely as well at home. We atomic number 18 living under the effects of mass media. However, this development of mass media brings some problems in our society as two sides of the like coins.Mass media crisis h as rear up secretly because most media organizations do non command to be revealed to their problems frankly. Problems Mass media affects all fields much(prenominal) as politic, economy, g overnment, culture and society. Almost all countries have their own problems of media. The most serious problem of that media is mass media washbasin bring confusion of people value. For example, mass media is to make people agree their ideas or thoughts in terms of propaganda. The meaning of propaganda is â€Å"a concerted set of messages aimed at influencing the opinions or behavior of large umbers of people” (Propaganda, 2008). take chances proscribed how our technical quiz writers prat suffice you with your work… Actually, this word was meaning of the things to be distri preciselye. However, now most people may slam the word of propaganda is some culture which is false or emphasizes one part of a situation, normally employ by a government or policy-making group acc ording to Nazi propaganda (Bytwerk, 2005). Taylor (2001) revealed how Hitler implanted his political theory in their citizens: In 1933, Adolf Hitler appointed Minister for Ministry for humans Enlightenment and Propaganda, Joseph Goebbels.Goebbels had spread a plenty of propagandas, contained the political theory of Hitler and Nazi. All journalists, writers, and artists were needed to register with one of the Ministrys subsidiary chambers for the press, fine arts, music, theater, film, literature, or radio. The Nazis believed in propaganda as a vital tool in achieving their goals. Adolf Hitler was affect by the power of Allied propaganda during World war I and believed that it had been a primary cause of the decompose of morale and revolts in the German home forepart and Navy in 1918. Broadcasters and journalists required preceding cheering before their works were disseminated.Along with posters, the Nazis produced a human body of films and books to spread their beliefs. ( pp. 162-163) In the U. S. and S protrudeh Korean government also by emphasizing red complex to their citizens with mass media like radio or newspapers, the governments make their citizens recognize the hostile attitude closely all policies of socialism while they on the dotifies their policies (Kang, 1997). These things argon absolute examples of mass media’s problem. In addition, as market of mass media has been developed much, the authority of mass media has grown also.The power of mass media has been centralized too much, so it exercises extreme see over any government. The contents of mass media have been contained exaggeration and violence more and more. This mass media makes people tend to believe absolutely. Mass media has soaked authority in our society. Mass media became one most important commission for people to deliver in plantation since mass media has been developed. We trick get a bulk of information and knowledge easily through mass media like newspape r, magazines and books. Actually, t here is no way for us to take new information except through mass media.Therefore, mass media could have great authority among our society. You can get expert help with your essays even up now. Find out more… television Television is one of the most important media of mass communication. crude people may watch television at least one hour every day. Some people usually meet news through television and others may want to watch dramas or variety shows. We can watch a destiny of designs according to our tastes through television. Nielsen media research (1998) report: â€Å"Television was introduced to the U. S. A. t the 1939 World’s Fair in New York. After two years, the Federal communications Commission licensed and approved the first commercially available television stations. In 1950, approximately 9% of American homes had TV sets. Since 1985, television ownership has been astir(predicate) 98%” (cited in Bushman, 2001, p . 477). Since television was invented, media became very public in our life. Now almost all families have television at least one at home. Television has developed since 1930th as amazing trick can give people a lot of information and enjoyment visually and audially both.Most Americans watch television for 3 to 5 hours per day (Horvath, 2004, p. 378). As much as television has become famous to people, it causes some problems too. The violence of television’s programs has very serious effects. In television programs, we can easily see a recurrence of a case. It causes imitative crimes. Brandon aggregatewall (1993), a professor at the University of Washington account that from 1945 to 1974, 93% of the murder rate has been increased. It shows that television teaches violence, and it also makes people be uninterested most violence.It can also cause antisocial actions. Television can bring dependency, which is one problem appeared since mass media was developed. TV addic tion is similar with other addictions like drugs addiction or gambling. Especially TV addiction is bad for small fryren. â€Å"A child who watched two hours of television a day before age three would be 20 percent more in all probability to have circumspection problems at age seven compared with a child who did not watch television” (Christakis, 2004). Television programs are contained to the violent acts and sensational contents more and more by pursuing commercial value.Moreover, they also aver that television is forcing fair thoughts. Television gives us a lot of information but they can just give that. Viewers just can accept television’s information we cannot communicate with television. It is current that the invention of television brought great development in our society. However, as the market of broadcast has been bigger, programs in television has been contained more violence and exaggerated. These things give children and teenagers bad effects, so all broadcast need to adjust their program contents. Inter interlock Thatcher and Goolam (2005) state in their journal:The number of people using the profit has grown exponentially since the emergence of World Wide Web rough ten years ago. No one is on the dot sure how many people have online access. harmonise to NUA Internet Survey (2002), it was estimated the number of internet users is approximately 600 meg people in 2002 (Nua Internet survey, cited in Thatcher ; Goolam, 2002, p. 767). The popularity of the WWW, combined with the pervasiveness of computer technology in general, means that people are becoming increasingly dependent on technology and the Internet to conduct their day-after-day and work activities. p. 767) Although internet appeared as a new medium of media and it formed new society, internet is not mixed with society where we live, so it caused many problems. We can accept tremendous information via internet because people in all over the world could address th eir information on network. However, as much as there is a lot of knowledge, in internet there is also information not authorized and useless. Also, since internet was popularized, many illegal crimes have been happened through internet. These crimes committed through the use of computer are called cybercrime.Cybercrime is â€Å"a real and growing problem that cost governments, businesses, and individual computer users millions of dollars annually and that facilitates many of the same crimes committed in real space, much(prenominal) as identity theft and the trafficking of child pornography, only on a larger scale” (Jones, 2007). The Internet crime Complaint Center (IC3) revealed the U. S. A. lost about 240 million dollars from online crime during 2007: Find out how our expert essay writers can help you with your work… Financial losses from online crime reported to U. S. uthorities reached a record towering last year, topping nearly 240 million dollar. winning in to account unreported crimes the real figure is likely to be much higher. Auction tosh and other forms of cybercrime reported to the Internet Crime Complaint Center were up 40 million or 20 per cent from those reported in 2006. The IC3 received 206,884 complaints about internet crimes last year, more than 90,000 of which were referred to law enforcement agencies across the U. S. IC3, which serves as a clearing house for cybercrime, is a joint operation between the FBI and the National vacuous Collar Crime Center.Although internet auction fraud was the most widely reported complaint to the IC3, other problem areas included non-delivery of purchases and credit card fraud. calculating machine hacking attacks spam and child abuse on the net formed the subject of other complaints. Commonly reported scams involved the purchase or sale of pets, hitch fraud, email spam, and online dating fraud. The report provides evidence that the U. K. is prompt catching up with the U. S. in being a hotbed of cybercrime. Despite the fact that the IC3 fill is supposedly a national US annual report, the UK is the source of 15. per cent of the crime reports, significantly ahead of other cybercrime hotspots such as Nigeria (Leyden, 2008). It is also commonly happened to be invaded somebody’s privacy and personal information on network. According to a survey of 1,000 U. S. adults conducted by TNS Sofres on behalf of digital-security company Gemalto (2008), about 60% of Americans are concerned about stealing their account passwords when they bank online, and 38% do not believe online payments (cited in Swartz, 2008). advert Advertising is a part of mass media.Market of advertizing has been developed as much as we can see an advertisement per one minute. Nowadays most merchandises make up of advertisement because each product has to be sold in infinity controversy society. Now customers live in the flood of advertising. From the blink of an eye of opening eyes to going to bed, people are connected with advertising through television, radio, newspapers, magazines and catalogs. Human converse research (1998) shows one adult can match to 3,000 advertising during one day and he or she can memorize just 10 out of 3,000 (cited in Kim, 2000, p. 4). The market of advertisements has been developed. However, the problem of advertisements are organic in function of information, entertain and persuasion, so they may not only make people’s life style changed but also produce decadent culture like intoxicant, cigarette and sex. You can get expert help with your essays right now. Find out more… Ellickson et al (2005) studied about how much advertising will affect to adolescents: Ellickson and other authors examine the relationship exposure to different forms of inebriant advertisingand subsequent drinking among U.S. adolescents and assess whether exposure to an alcohol and drug prevention program mitigates any such relationship. The sample incl udes 3111 seventh-graders drawn from 41 South Dakota center schools, and they are exposed to television beer advertising, variables were constructed for four types of alcohol advertising †television, in †store displays, magazines and concession stands. The solution of this experience is several forms of alcohol advertising venture adolescent drinking; which sources dominate depends on the childs prior experience with alcohol.Forty-eight percent of the non-drinkers in grade 7 qualified as past-year drinkers by the spring of ninth grade, indicating a substantial amount of initiation over the period examined. (pp. 235-246). Like this, advertising affects to people, especially adolescents a lot. Actually advertising has a great of influence on customers and society. For example, there is a study that dear standards in advertising cause have unhealthiness of women and girl, so some countries took measures to ban ultra-skinny models from their catwalks (Diderich, 2007).P eople can meet the extreme number of advertising everyday, so advertising has to be made without exaggeration and fiction. Janese Heavin (2007) who is the Tribune’s staff, wrote the obligate about a study: University of Missouri-Columbia research said that looking at pictures of flawless models in way magazines can make even the prettiest women feel sheer(a) crummy. Laurie Mintz, associate professor of education, school and counseling psychological science in the MU College of Education said most women know intuitively or subconsciously that when they look at magazines they will feel badly about themselves.The study validates what women know in their own experiences but expunge it is just theirs to deal with. Spearheaded by graduate learner Emily Hamilton, who used the project to earn her master’s degree, the study asked 81 college women to rate how they feel about their appearance, from facial features to chest size. Some of the women were then asked to stare ma gazine advertisements that used fashion models to sell products. Others looked at ads that showed products with no models.Those who saw the images of fashion models later reported having a more negative body image, unheeding of their own attractiveness. This study shows women were equally affected by the images. It is been commonly believed that larger women or women struggling with eating disorders feel worse after seeing pictures of models, but the latest study indicates the images are bad for everyone. In conclusion, people have to be careful when pass judgment mass media’s information.There are not simple solutions to solve the problem of media. These problems of mass media like television, internet and advertising have bad effects on people especially the perfection of self during childhood. People should try to accept right information through mass media. Therefore, they need to meliorate precise thoughts for filtering fabricate acknowledge. Critical view might be utile to accept which information is needed to us. Critical thinking is â€Å"mental processes of distinguish, analysis and evaluation.Critical thinking is a form of judgment, specifically meaningful and reflective judgment. Using critical thinking one makes a decision or solves the problem of judging what to believe or what to do, but does so in a reflective way” (Critical thinking, 2008). People have the right to criticize and avenge media which is to destroy our emotion and ethics. People have to improve power of judgment. If people have ability to cut back information in this information-oriented society, they may have antecedence over other people who do not have.Need an essay? You can buy essay help from us today! Custom essay summons ORDER a custom essay gratify rate the quality of this essay: Good neutral Poor Struggling with your essay? You can get your essay custom written by an expert in your subject area. Fully researched and referenced, the perfect model answer… Get a quote here Share & download: Print download Email Request the removal of this essay. Find out how UK Read more: http://www. ukessays. com/essays/media/mass-media-society. php#ixzz2QiFaMPxA\r\n'

'“Red Badge of Courage” by Stephen Crane Essay\r'

'In the â€Å"Red Badge of heroism” Stephen genus Grus demonstrates the use of naturalism. The allegory shows how hydrogen, a t dismisser union soldier, struggles with war and becoming a man. total heat joined the war because he wanted to stupefy the glory of fighting and winning. While enthalpy is in the wilderness, crane uses nature as naturalism and makes nature a model for total heat’s acts. In â€Å"The Red Badge of Courage” there atomic number 18 many substructures. One is learning to be a man. At the beginning of the novel heat content is at war with himself. He wants to oblige glory and be a war hero, but he is afeard(predicate) that he will flee. He tries to prove to himself that he will not flee in date. He feels alvirtuoso because he can’t specialize anyone slightly the doubt he has in prescribe to not be made fun of. total heat decides he will not know whether or not he will run international until he actually gets to battle . When he goes to battle and flees in chapter seven, he throws a pinecone at a squirrel and decides that this was a sign from nature and that it is only natural for one to run away from danger. Another main source in this learning the meaning of fortitude and purpose your own.\r\nIn chapter one there is a flashback of Henry leaving for the Union Army. His mother gives him a mother tongue and tells him no matter what he needs to do the right topic. This gives him a new meaning of the develop courage. He learns that having the courage to do the right thing is just as important as having the courage to fight for what you entrust in. I think Henry didn’t find his true courage until towards the end of the story. The sun ray coming through the overcast symbolizes Henry’s peace with himself. There argon strengths and flunkes of how Crane develops the theme. For example some strengths are how Crane used imagery to paint a piddle picture in the reader’s head, w hen Henry went back to the battle more of a man, and how Crane’s use of wording showed how Henry’s perspective changes from creation afraid to understanding and evaluate who he is. A weaknesses Crane has is the grammar of the characters.\r\nIt tends to be confound in some parts and I wear upon’t find it reader friendly. On the reversal if he had taken away the awkward grammar it could have taken away from the overall story. Another weakness is the lack of detail in the setting. Naturalism relates to the theme of manhood because Henry was inexperienced and this was probably why he fled from the battle. Henry’s action and the conditions that resound him are consistent with this arcdegree of view because of the critical revelations of Henry’s thoughts and his wide range of emotions, including fear, joy, doubts, and pride. The point of view is interesting because Crane wasn’t unrecorded when the story took place, nor had he ever been in battle before writing the story.\r\nAt the beginning of the novel Henry is childish and afraid. He wants a written report as a fierce warrior but, he is scared. As the story progresses, he learns more about himself and who he wants to be. He discovers that he is fighting for greater things than his reputation. At this point in the book the true Henry Fleming, a brave and courageous man, is revealed. To conclude, â€Å"The Red label of Courage” is a great book about a young boy becoming a man. I think Crane got his point in truth well with his use of naturalism and imagery. I believe this book proves that true courage is not being brave, true courage is being terrified, but continue to go anyways.\r\n'

'Research Proposal Management Essay\r'

'The population of Cameroon is one of diverse backgrounds,with all over 260 tribes with each tribe having its own distinct dialect. of which its autochthonous population constituting the Youthful and Middle age group. As the first settlers of the territory\r\nconstituting present-day Cameroon, the Bantus should provide a strong cultural and sparing base for the country. stock-still by means ofout this land’s narration, the Bantus substantiate ever been the segment of the population that has suffered the most. Their exploitation began when the Portuguese â€Å" observe” Cameron in 1472,later in 1884 came the German annexation of Cameroon: and in 1919:\r\nCameroon was divided between France and Britain: and finally in 1960: was the independency of French Cameroon, con\r\nAfter Cameroon crystallizeed its independence physical body Britain and France in the 1960’s, the subordination of the native population remained bustling throughout the years of restuc turing and reform. Because the first Bantu-tribes immigrated to Cameroon from North (Nigeria),The side of meat speaking have maintained the lowest aim in the socioeconomic hi sequencerchy of Cameroon since after independence. The roast throughout these five centuries has been manifested through the exploitation of endemic labor, degradation of Indian culture, lack of policy-making voice, and riddance from societal work programs, leave indigenous areas without the required social and economic infrastructure for their advancement. In Cameroon today, these characteristics iniquity the areas with a high concentration of indigenous population.\r\nThe shout of power and corrupt government practices on behalf of the prehistoric and present Cameroonian President coupled with the pass judgment belief that the Anglophones entrusted for deuce disparate worlds to emerge from Cameroon. iodin is increasingly modern and industrialized, centered in urban areas in the Center region of Cameroon. It is this vision that leadership of Cameroon actively promote in order to influence the rest of the globe that Cameroon has achieved the status of a ontogeny or even second worldly concern Nation. The some other world, hidden from view, is that of the indigenous and peasant population, that lives in down(p) poverty,misery and oppression. This group suffers from the same marginalization and exploitation that it has endured for the medieval 50 years.\r\nIn today’s era of world(a)ization, the situation facing the Anglophone as they are called in Cameroon remains bleak. As Cameroonians moves forward into regional switch agreements, the indigenous must overcome their history and modern state of deprivation in hope of advancement. The Cameroonian government has begun to enter the world market through economic liberalization policies initiated in the past two decades. One of the largest was the International Monetary Fund (IMF) and the World Bank.\r\nThe Cameroon government has began implementing the WTO Agreement on Customs rating in July 2001, And the Communaute Economique et Monetaire de l’ Afrique Centrale (CEMAC) which established a unblock flip-flop region between Cameroon and most countries of the franc govern like Tchad,Central african republic, Congo. Gabon. And Equatorial Guinea. States. Reforms necessary for the carrying out of the WTO Agreement have proved to be insalubrious to the indigenous population in Cameroon and sectors that were poor preliminary to the WTO are falling farther behind. Yet the Cameroonian government elapses to plow forward, negotiating larger regional trade agreements with its neighbors for the good of the already wealthy sector of the population, leaving the Anglophones open to further marginalization.\r\nA practical model of this marginalization is found in the south and northwestern United States regions which are purely English spraking regions The Anglophones in Cameroon, whose socia l situation is one of the bleakest in all of westerly Africa. lack basic human rights, a political voice, schools, hospitals, electricity, and clean water. As Cameroon pushes further ahead with its economic reforms, the few programs that had been in place to aid the English speaking have been repealed, and the Anglophones continue to be ignored. passim history, these Anglophones have been repealed, and the Anglophones continue to be ignored. Throughout history, these Anglophones have endured poverty, exploitation, and oppression, while attempting to revolt and ignite change. Yet no endeavour has ever been successful.\r\nWith the advent of WTO and further global integration, the Anglophones realized their situation would only continue to reject if they did not begin to fight for change. To cut things of a sudden my thesis paper examined both the manifest and possible functions of social work in the protection of the indigenous population within the Cameroonian society, specifi cally in the English speaking region. It examined the prospect for the Southern Cameroons home(a) Council (S.C.N.C)Movement to meet with future success; analyzing the role that Social work will play in this movement’s effectiveness.\r\nGlobalization, with its increasing connectedness and spread of engineering could prove to be a beneficial woodpecker in the process of gaining solidarity and support. Or globalization could allow for the gap between the rich and poor on both a national and international aim to grow, leaving the poor segments in oblivion. This problem is not limited to Cameroon. As the world economy has gravel increasingly interdependent, the emergence of trans-national social movements may catch serious consequences for citizens in many nations. If these protest movements gain enough support, every person alive has the potential drop to be affected in some way.\r\nTo come upon this research, I have read and will continue to read many books, magazine, new spaper, and journal articles on the history of Cameroon, the treatment of the indigenous population, liberalization policies that have been implemented, and the S.C.N.C Movement.\r\n'

'Space Shuttle Columbia\r'

'On February 1, 2003, the becomingty dame capital of South Carolina broke unconnected during re-entry resulting in the mischief of the septet crewmembers and the chick. For the next several(prenominal) months an gigantic investigating of the misfortune was performed by the capital of South Carolina mishap probe lineup (CAIB). The board create their terminal report in tremendous, 2003 and conclude that the ca substance abuse of the loss of capital of South Carolina and its crew was a breach in the remaining handfield filename extension extension service expireing pass on reenforce Carbon-Carbon thermal tax shelter clay initiated by the shock absorber of thermal insulating effervesce that had unaffectionate from the planets impertinent open fire tank car 81 backs into the thrills pitch.\r\nDuring re-entry, this breach every(prenominal)(a)owed alive(p) gas to enter the elongation’s leading marge and support structure which ultimatelyly led to the breakup of the artificial satellite. The CAIB in supplement disc everyplaceed multiple flaws inwardly the snort natural rubber architectural plan, the opine digest techniques, discourse and leaders amongst focussing and technology, and an clogging organizational culture. NASA responded to the capital of South Carolina accident by institution both(prenominal) blank shell come togethertlecock relegations for a add of 905 twenty-four hourss firearm they complied with all the urge onations experience by the CAIB as well as restructuring their strategy continueive and discourse procedures.\r\nSpace birdie capital of South Carolina The capital of South Carolina STS-107 accusation elevate off on January 16, 2003, for a 16-day science mission featuring legion(predicate) microgravity experiments. Upon reentering the halo on February 1, 2003, the capital of South Carolina orbiter suffered a harmful failure due to a breach that occurred 81 secants into the immerse when falling thermal insulating foam from the left bipod bea of the external Tank struck the Reinforced Carbon-Carbon (RCC) bloodsheds on the underside of the left wing.\r\nThe orbiter and its s nonetheless crewmembers were broken approximately 16 legal proceeding before capital of South Carolina was plan to touch subject at Kennedy Space middle(a). Within this makeup I will dispute the history, mission, and anatomy of Space birdie capital of South Carolina, the incident and the breakdown in communication and safe practices, as well as randomness set up during the formal probe by the capital of South Carolina Accident probe venire (CAIB). floor of Space fowl capital of South Carolina The Space birdie Columbia was built in the age leading up to 1981 when it was the primary berth fowl to vaporise into earth orbit on April 12th.\r\nThere were four baby ships in the dash everywhere the next ten years: the Challenger, husking, Atlantis, and the Enterprise. The elbow grease was built to supersede the Challenger that was destroyed in 1986. Columbia was the premier(prenominal) online orbiter to undergo the plan inspection and retrofit program. It was transported August 10, 1991, aft(prenominal) its completion of mission STS-40, to prime quadriceps shuttle contractor Rockwell Internationals Palmdale, California fable plant.\r\nThe oldest orbiter in the run underwent approximately 50 modifications, including the addition of carbon brakes, drag chute, amend nose wheel steering, remotion of take aimment flight instrumentation and an enhancement of its thermal security dodge. The orbiter returned to Kennedy Space Center February 9, 1992 to vex processing for mission STS-50 in June of that year. Primary delegation The primary objectives of this mission was to scent in physical, emotional state, and lay sciences, conducted in approximately 80 consort experiments, comprised of hundreds of s amples and test p oints.\r\nThe crew was change integrity into ii alternating shifts to reach the most productive use of judgment of conviction for each 24 hour period. The crew’s payload consisted of the following(a): get-go flight of SPACEHAB Research triple Module; Fast reply Experiments Enabling Science, Technology, Applications and Research (FREESTAR); start-off Ext cease Duration orbiter (EDO) mission since STS-90 (Wilson, 2006). The expected season of the STS-107 mission was 16 pine days. Anatomy of the Space shuttlecock The put shuttle is make up of everywhere two million moving part and 150 miles of internal wiring, devising it the most complex apparatus ever created.\r\nEmpty the quadrangle shuttle weighs in at 158,289 lbs and with the main engines installed it tips the scales at over 178,000 lbs. Once all the force out and cargo ar added, the place shuttle weighs an astounding 4. 5 million lbs. There atomic number 18 ternion main split to every place shuttle , the orbiter, unshakable rocket boosters, and the external fuel tank. The solid rocket boosters and the external fuel tank are ejected from the orbiter plot of land the post shuttle is leaving the atmosphere. The orbiter has enough crew length for eight crew members and a cargo capacity of 50,000 lbs.\r\nThe incidental On January 16, 2003 the Space Shuttle Columbia was launched from Cape Canaveral, FL. 81 seconds into the launch a petty(a) piece of thermal insulating foam, the coat of a small briefcase, squeeze the leading spring of the left wing, damaging the Shuttles Thermal trade protection body (TPS), which protects it from heat generated from the atmosphere during re-entry. The foam had a total weight of 1. 67 lbs which is enough to the weight of 100 marshmallows and originated from the left bipod discipline of the impertinent Tank.\r\nAt the duration of the impact the Columbia was travel at 2300 fps done an altitude of 65,900 feet. The impact f number of the foam was 775 fps. While Columbia was still in orbit, whatever engineers suspected misuse as early as day two of the mission, but NASA managers limited the investigation, on the desktops that secondary could be done even if problems were arrange and therefore, never apprised the crew of any contingent damage. The damage to the left wing’s Reinforced Carbon-Carbon (RCC) panel permitd a pathway for bouncy gas to enter the wing’s leading edge and support structure upon the seek re-entry.\r\nThis resulted in major structural and skin damage create the loss of authorization and all vehicle selective breeding at 207, 135 ft exalteder up the Earth while traveling at 12,500 mph. The Columbia Space Shuttle broke up over north-central Texas only if 16 minutes precedent to its scheduled landing at Florida’s Kennedy Space Center. The Investigation Soon later the space shuttle adventure NASA created the Columbia Accident Investigation Board (CAIB) with th e objective to position the bewilder of the Columbia accident and to recommend ways to meliorate the safety device programs and communication procedures in spite of appearance NASA.\r\nThe Board published a working scenario along with several approach passs in advance of the utmost report which was published on August 26, 2003. Preliminary good words The jump of five recommendations the CAIB do was for NASA to build an inspection plan for the mental test of the Reinforced Carbon-Carbon (RCC) frame components since the legitimate inspection techniques were non adequate to(predicate) in treasureing the structural integrity, its financial support structure, and the attached hardware.\r\nThe RCC constitution is utilise on the leading edges of the wings, the field of force aft of the nose cap, and the area around the forward orbiter/external tank bond paper structure due to the concomitant that these are the parts of the orbiter that are subjected to the extensi veest get along of heat during re-entry. At the time the CAIB conducted their investigation, they discovered and published that NASA did non fully understand the mechanisms that acquit ca employ foam loss on almost every space shuttle flight to date. They alike found that the victor and generate day operating construct specifications required the RCC components to posture essentially no impact resistance.\r\nIn order to mitigate succeeding(a) day risk to the space shuttles and crew, the CAIB believed that NASA should look into the advanced non-destructive inspection engineering science and take advantage of it. The second recommendation made to NASA express that they should amend their existing memo of Agreement with the National vision and Mapping Agency (NIMA) to make it a standard sine qua non for every space shuttle flight to defecate on-orbit visualize available. The foam come over was first seen during the standard review of the launch exposure and high-sp eed photography, by the Intercenter Photo Working root word (IPWG) on the morning of flight twenty-four hours Two.\r\nThe IPWG was concerned astir(predicate) possible damage to the orbiter since this foam strike was larger than any seen in the past. No conclusive images of the foam strike could be found so the Chair of the IPWG asked direction to begin the process of getting away(p) vision from the Department of defense force ( defense force) to help in damage discernment. This request, the first of three, along with the IPWG’s first report, including a digitized video clip and initial estimate of the strike, was distributed on Flight Day Two and began its journey by means of the management hierarchy.\r\nEven though the IPWG routed its request done the proper channels used during a mission, the management hierarchy yielded no direction, progress, or results. Therefore, the IPWG then routed its second and third requests for external DOD imagery through instituti onal, non mission-related, channels which diluted the want of the requests and the management viewed the requests as non-critical desires earlier than critical operable needs.\r\n dialogue did not flow in effect up to or down from the management hierarchy which lead to the three independent requests for imagery being subsequently denied. It was decided by the CAIB that the United States judicature along with NASA did not hire every imaginativeness imaging it had in order to assess the damage of the Columbia while still in orbit. Recommendation three examined the repair capableness of the space shuttle.\r\nThe CAIB suggested that for all future missions to the International Space postal service (ISS), NASA develop a method to inspect and conduct hand brake repairs to the Thermal Protection dodging (TPS) tiles and RCC while get intoed at the ISS and recommended that a â€Å"comprehensive sovereign […] inspection and repair capability” be developed for Shut tle missions that do not dock at the ISS. The end aspiration is to develop a â€Å"fully autonomous capability for all missions”, in the event â€Å"that an ISS mission does not achieve the essential orbit, fails to dock successfully, or suffers damage during or after docking” (Troxell, 2009).\r\nThe last two recommendations addressed the space shuttles imaging schemas. The fourth recommendation recommended upgrading the imaging trunk to provide at least three useful views of the space shuttles from liftoff to at least Solid arugula Booster separation, and further recommended exploring the orifice of taking additional pictures and observations of the space shuttle during launch utilise ships and aircraft. Recommendation five pertained specifically to the outer Tank (ET) and the Thermal Protection organization (TPS) imaging systems examination.\r\nThe CAIB recommended modifying one of the two on-board umbilical cord cameras in order to â€Å"downlink high-resolu tion images of the ET after separation,” and further recommended that a similar system be put into place to â€Å"downlink high-resolution images of the underside of the orbiter’s leading edge system and the forward section of the TPS” (Troxell, 2009). organizational Culture Communications procedures between managers and engineers at NASA were withal investigated by the CAIB.\r\nThe need to communicate effectively and efficiently between the individuals and organizations regard in the space shuttle program were found to be paramount, habituated the complex and high level of technology along with the extensive risks involved. The CAIB found that the original damage assessments contained substantial uncertainties for a variety of reasons, including management failures, communication breakdowns, inappropriate use of assessment tools, and flawed engineering judgments.\r\nThe CAIB also determined that there were lapses in leadership and communication that made i t very difficult for engineers and management to raise concerns and understand decisions. focussing failed to actively engage and canvass the potential damage caused by the foam strike. Before the accident, flight managers had been under extreme pinch from Congress and the public to husband launch schedules, and they had not followed conventional procedures for clearing unresolved problems.\r\nestablish on these and other(a) observations, the CAIB concluded that NASA was not a learnedness organization. Organizational learning is not one but several processes by which organizations seek to mend their performance by look for out the causes behind what they think to be unacceptable results (Mahler & Casawhitethornou, 2009). The CAIB concluded that the organizational causes to the accident involved deficiencies in the see structure and safety observe systems, an inability to cope with unfluctuating external political and budgetary pressures, and an obstructive organizat ional culture.\r\nSystem Safety The CAIB found that NASA’s safety program was unforesightful of achieving the level of safety necessary for the space shuttle program. As a result, the CAIB recommended that the safety system at NASA be restructured to include the system safety fundamentals. System safety is the name given to the effort to make things as safe as is applicatory by systematically employ engineering and management tools to identify, analyze, and control hazards (Stephans, 2004) throughout all phases of the lifetime cycle.\r\nAt the time of the investigation, NASA’s definition of system safety was as follows: The optimal tier of risk management within the constraints of operational effectiveness, time, and cost achieve through the operation of management and engineering principles throughout all phases of a program. It was a great definition but NASA did not follow or black market under these fundamentals which were turn up by the CAIB time and time again.\r\nThey found that the system safety engineering and management was not vigorous enough to aim an impact on system design, and it was hidden in the other safety disciplines and separated from mainstream engineering which proved extremely ineffectual in regards to safety. They also found that the space shuttle safety program had conflicting roles, responsibilities, and guidance. risk of infection Analysis The hazard analysis techniques used by NASA at the time of the accident were the loser Modes and Effects Analysis (FEMA) and the rupture Tree Analysis (FTA).\r\nThe CAIB found that the risk information and data from the hazard analyses were not communicated effectively nor could they find adequate application of a process, database, or metric analysis tool that took an integrated, general view of the blameless space shuttle system. Post Columbia Procedures at NASA Once the investigation into Space Shuttle Columbia’s accident was finished, NASA shut down all spa ce shuttle missions until they felt their system safety and communication procedures where brought up to par.\r\nThis space shuttle grounding lasted 905 days and finally ended on July 26th, 2005 when the Space Shuttle Discovery successfully flew the STS-114 mission. System Safety NASA took the recommendation of the CAIB and restructured their system safety program. The purpose of the young system safety program within NASA is to ensure that the optimum degree of safety is achieved through management and engineering practices that understate the number and magnitude of hazards in NASA systems.\r\nThis is coupled with the application of system safety engineering analyses to spy and assess the nature and magnitude of risks so that they may be eliminated, reduced, or accepted depending on communicate requirements, schedule, and cost. This purpose is reached through the application of management, scientific, and engineering principles during all phases of a system life cycle. The ul timate goal is to rescind loss of life or injury to personnel, damage to or loss of equipment or facilities, project or test failures, and unwarrantable exposure to risk and inauspicious environmental effects.\r\nTo date NASA has flown 19 separate space shuttle missions with no incidents under their freshly system safety program. NASA’s space shuttle fleet is set to retire after just two final missions. Space Shuttle Discovery is expected to launch on November 1st, 2010 and Space Shuttle Endeavour will launch no earlier than February 26th, 2011. Post Columbia Improvements NASA spent $1. 4 cardinal in an effort to improve the space shuttle after the Columbia incident. The most famed area of improvement was the External Tank.\r\nThe bipod foam that caused the Columbia disaster was replaced with an electrical heater to prevent ice from forming. Another notable area of improvement was too the Foreign Object debris (FOD) procedures which improved safety. They also added ov er 100 tracking cameras to view launches as well as cameras mounted on the External Tank and Solid rocket engine Boosters. NASA also has two aircraft furnish with high-definition cameras which offer the unique posture of a shuttle short toward the viewer (Chien, 2006). All of NASA’s improvements seem to have worked so out-of-the-way(prenominal).\r\nIn the years following Space Shuttle Columbia’s accident, NASA reinvented their company from the ground up and is now used as a pretence company that others look to for advice and operational information. Conclusion The Space Shuttle Columbia accident may or may not have been preventable. There are numerous things that could have kaput(p) differently that might have given the crew a different flock, however, the accident happened in the least bad look possible. The astronauts were able to enjoy themselves the entire mission, complete essential mission experiments, and reach a goal many of them had worked toward their entire lives.\r\nThey had no knowledge that the shuttle was modify and their deaths were mercifully swift. Columbia’s re-entry path over the U. S. made debris recovery far easier than if it had fallen over the ocean. Because so much debris and information was recovered it was possible to determine exactly what happened without any rump of a doubt. It will for sure of all time be unfortunate that the accident happened, but the fate of the Columbia crew could have been far worse. They will always been remembered as heroes.\r\n'