Health & Safety

The Health and Safety at Work Act 1974 is the primary piece of legislation covering occupational health and safety. Under this Act, the employer, the workers and the individuals being supported have responsibilities to ensure safety is maintained in the workplace. Your employer should display a copy of this Act on their main premises. The main purpose of the legislation is:†¢To secure the health, safety and welfare of people at work †¢To protect others from risks arising from the activities of people at work †¢To control the use and storage of dangerous substances †¢To control the emission into the atmosphere of noxious or offensive substancesOther key pieces of legislation that sit alongside and support the Health and Safety at Work Act are:†¢The Management of Health and Safety at Work Regulations 1992 emphasize what employers are required to achieve under the Health and Safety at Work Act. †¢The Control of Substances Hazardous to Health Regulations (kn own as COSHH) require employers to control substances that can harm workers' health. †¢The Manual Handling Regulations 1992 sets out requirements for manual handling and moving and handling of people.†¢The Reporting of Injuries, Diseases and Dangerous Occurrences Regulations 1985 (known as RIDDOR) sets out what needs to be reported.My employer has policies and procedures covering a wide range of health and safety subjects to incorporate the legal requirements. Here are some of the policies and procedures:†¢Personal safety and lone working †¢Fire safety †¢Food safety and hygiene †¢What to do in the event of an emergency †¢Risk assessments †¢Smoking at work †¢Use of chemicals and waste disposal †¢Moving and handling of people and objects †¢Personal hygiene †¢Infection control †¢Security measures and visitorsIn health and safety my responsibilities are:†¢Take reasonable care of your health and safety †¢Take reas onable care not to put other people, including other employees and members of the public at risk by what you do or don’t do at work †¢Co-operate with your employer making sure you get proper training and you understand and follow your organisation’s health and safety policies †¢Not to interfere with or misuse anything that’s been provided for your health, safety or welfare †¢Tell your employer if something happens that might affect your ability to work, for example becoming pregnant or sustaining an injury†¢Not to undertake any health and safety tasks that you haven’t been trained forIn health and safety my employer’s responsibilities are:†¢Provide a safe workplace †¢Give information on health and safety †¢Provide free health and safety training †¢Make sure you can enter and leave the workplace safely †¢In health and safety the individuals you support’s responsibilities are: †¢Follow health a nd safety advice given to them †¢Co-operate with you to use appropriate equipment safely †¢Take reasonable care of their own health and safety †¢Without the correct level of training you are not allowed to carry out certain tasks relating to health and safety.Here are a few examples:†¢Moving and handling †¢Administering medication †¢Emergency first aid †¢Giving injections †¢Peg feeding †¢Colostomy †¢Fighting fireIf you are unsure about what you can and cannot do, you must discuss this with your Proprietor or manager. Health & Safety The Health and Safety at Work Act 1974 is the primary piece of legislation covering occupational health and safety. Under this Act, the employer, the workers and the individuals being supported have responsibilities to ensure safety is maintained in the workplace. Your employer should display a copy of this Act on their main premises. The main purpose of the legislation is:†¢To secure the health, safety and welfare of people at work †¢To protect others from risks arising from the activities of people at work †¢To control the use and storage of dangerous substances †¢To control the emission into the atmosphere of noxious or offensive substancesOther key pieces of legislation that sit alongside and support the Health and Safety at Work Act are:†¢The Management of Health and Safety at Work Regulations 1992 emphasize what employers are required to achieve under the Health and Safety at Work Act. †¢The Control of Substances Hazardous to Health Regulations (kn own as COSHH) require employers to control substances that can harm workers' health. †¢The Manual Handling Regulations 1992 sets out requirements for manual handling and moving and handling of people.†¢The Reporting of Injuries, Diseases and Dangerous Occurrences Regulations 1985 (known as RIDDOR) sets out what needs to be reported.My employer has policies and procedures covering a wide range of health and safety subjects to incorporate the legal requirements. Here are some of the policies and procedures:†¢Personal safety and lone working †¢Fire safety †¢Food safety and hygiene †¢What to do in the event of an emergency †¢Risk assessments †¢Smoking at work †¢Use of chemicals and waste disposal †¢Moving and handling of people and objects †¢Personal hygiene †¢Infection control †¢Security measures and visitorsIn health and safety my responsibilities are:†¢Take reasonable care of your health and safety †¢Take reas onable care not to put other people, including other employees and members of the public at risk by what you do or don’t do at work †¢Co-operate with your employer making sure you get proper training and you understand and follow your organisation’s health and safety policies †¢Not to interfere with or misuse anything that’s been provided for your health, safety or welfare †¢Tell your employer if something happens that might affect your ability to work, for example becoming pregnant or sustaining an injury†¢Not to undertake any health and safety tasks that you haven’t been trained forIn health and safety my employer’s responsibilities are:†¢Provide a safe workplace †¢Give information on health and safety †¢Provide free health and safety training †¢Make sure you can enter and leave the workplace safely †¢In health and safety the individuals you support’s responsibilities are: †¢Follow health a nd safety advice given to them †¢Co-operate with you to use appropriate equipment safely †¢Take reasonable care of their own health and safety †¢Without the correct level of training you are not allowed to carry out certain tasks relating to health and safety. Here are a few examples: †¢Moving and handling †¢Administering medication †¢Emergency first aid †¢Giving injections †¢Peg feeding †¢Colostomy †¢Fighting fireIf you are unsure about what you can and cannot do, you must discuss this with your Proprietor or manager.

High blood pressure Essay

Smoking does stunt your growth which, as well as it giving high blood pressure. When someone hangs around a smoker, they are actually inhaling the smoke, which would make them a passive smoker. A passive smoker is worse than actually being a smoker because breathing the smoke from the air is worse than taking it in through your mouth as it would cause blockages in the nose. Smoking can always cause headaches and colds and it can also give you very bad cough, also known as smoker cough. The thing that makes smoking so addictive is the nicotine that is inside them. They can be replaced with nicotine patches when and if decided to stop. Smoking also can affect your social life as it can cause arguments and it can also means sometimes it would mean you would be left alone outside smoking away while all your friends are inside as they don’t smoke. Also the lose of money from smoking is becoming more and more as they are increasing the prices of the cigarettes as the government are tying to prevent people to smoke, and so by you wasting your money on small cancer sticks is pointless. Smoking can also leads to drugs, because it first starts with smoking cigarettes and then it would go further and start smoking drugs. This can completely change the individual’s life around. Smoking also affects the eyesight of the individual from the conclusions that they would have to start wearing glasses. Smoking can also be the main causes of strokes, someone collapsing and some to become paralysis. Asthma is the biggest problem when it comes to smoking because smoking damages the lungs and a person who has asthma would already have a bad set of lungs. And so when someone is smoking around them, it could make it even worse and allow them to have a fatal attack. All of this start of somewhere and it is usually when the individual is a teenager because they would want to just try it. And then they would not be able to control themselves and continue smoking for the rest of their lives. With some people smoking doesn’t just happen just like that, they would be either forced through peer pressure or from the attitude just trying it out. Stopping smoking is not easy because it takes a lot of will power and determination because it can be extremely difficult, but the government provides a lot of help because they want the nation to become healthier. That is also another reason for the cigarettes being brought up in prices because they want to try to get people of them. There are products out there that can be brought to help you give up smoking like nicotine patches as well as little sticks that you can inhale which would make believe you that your smoking as it gives you the same feeling but you would not be inhaling any smoke which is safer for you and the people around. With some individuals, they try to stop completely all a sudden but it is them type of people that would either most likely go back and start smoking again, or not touch another one for the rest of your life, but for people who find it hard to stop smoking, there is help provided by the NHS and also on the internet as they would be happy to give advice.

Urbanisation In The Gulf Corporation Council Countries Environmental Sciences Essay

With the current procedure of urbanization in the Gulf Corporation Council Countries, important alterations occur in their landscape. Such a procedure can take to an addition in the temperature of urban parts to go warmer than their rural milieus, organizing islands of higher temperatures. Within this context, some beginnings have shown that Centres of urban parts in hot clime similar to that of the GCCC experience elevated temperatures within the scope of 2-4  °C when compared to their rural milieus ( Wong and Jusuf, 2008 ) . This difference is what constitutes urban heat islands ( UHI ) which are usually formulated on surfaces and in the ambiance. Physically, there is no direct but important influence on each other, particularly in the instance of surfaces temperature. The addition in surface temperature impacts the strength of local and lee ambient air temperature, particularly the closest to the surfaces, because of assorted convective heat fluxes from the surface. Many factors contribute to the development of UHI. Some are related to the nature such as conditions and location. Others are related to human activity such as the decrease of flora and H2O organic structures, urban geometry and stuffs, and anthropogenetic heat ( EPA, 2012 ) . Sato et Al. ( 2008 ) , for illustration, assessed the UHI on an urban graduated table and compared the regional features of the atmospheric heat balance at the Centre of Tokyo. The consequence of this survey showed a decrease in atmospheric UHI due to the handiness of sea zephyr. Recent surveies in the development of UHI due to urban activities have been reviewed by Wong, Jusuf, Syafi, et Al ( 2011 ) . Saleh ( 2011 ) for case, evaluated the impact of urban growing in Baghdad metropolis on the surface UHI and recommended the integrating of remote detection and geographical information system ( GIS ) . While, Hung et Al ( 2006 ) used distant feeling for comparative appraisal of UHI in 18 mega metropoliss in both temperate a nd tropical clime parts and analysed the development of UHI in association with urban flora screens and surface energy fluxes. Much survey has analysed urban activities that contribute to the development of UHI. Giannopoulou et Al. ( 2011 ) carried out a elaborate statistical analysis of UHI features in Athens and concluded that the visual aspect of high air temperatures was reinforced by the increased urbanization and industrialization coupled with the increased anthropogenic heat and the deficiency of flora. Urban elements and surfaces play a important function in modifying the microclimate. This alteration has been evaluated by many surveies. Some considered the function of land usage such as Jusuf et Al. ( 2007 ) who showed the assorted impacts of land use on urban temperature. In the daylight, the industrial country was found to be with the highest surface temperature, followed by commercial, airport, residential, and park countries in falling order. During the dark clip, nevertheless, the order was commercial, residential, park, industrial, and airdrome. Other surveies such as that of Li et Al ( 2011 ) investigated how landscape composing and constellation would impact UHI in the metropolitan Centres based on the analysis of land surface temperature in relation to normalised difference flora index, flora fraction, and per centum imperviable surface country. The others studied the impact of urban surfaces. Lopes et Al. ( 2011 ) , for case, examined the impact of surfaces and aerodynamic raggedness and concluded that the addition in raggedness from windward would do a 40 % decrease of the air current velocity. Within this context, Huang et Al ( 2009 ) analysed the surface air temperature records every bit good as borehole subsurface temperature records and recommended the combination of heat conductivity in the subsurface and the heat convection of the air in order to gauge the full extent of urban heat island impacts on the environment The alteration of climatic conditions due to urban activities impacts the microclimate, thermic environment and quality of human life as can be seen in the increased energy demand for chilling edifices, elevated nursery gases and compromised human comfort. A recent survey by Lin et Al ( 2008 ) showed the impact UHI on the microclimate, including electrical storms. This survey found that the heat island impact over the field could unhinge thermic and dynamic procedures and hence impact the location of electrical storms and precipitation over Taiwan ‘s western field. Furthermore, alterations in the microclimate, peculiarly elevated temperatures during the summer months impact the energy ingestion. Flor et Al. ( 2004 ) showed that energy ingestion of edifices was related to solar tonss, air current flow forms and external air temperature. So, betterments on urban microclimate were direct and indirect effects on energy nest eggs. Stromann-Andersen and Sattrup ( 2011 ) examined the ways that the energy public presentation of low-energy edifices in a north-European scene was affected by their context and found that the geometry of urban canons had an impact on entire energy ingestion in the scope of up to 30 % for offices and 19 % for lodging. In Tokyo city, Huang et Al. ( 2005 ) used field measurings and numerical simulation plans to look into the existent position of an urban thermic environment in a complex urban country covering a big territory warming and chilling system, while, Kikegawa et Al. ( 2006 ) quantified the possible impacts of UHI countermeasures upon edifices energy usage during the summer and suggested two steps to cut down the chilling energy, viz. , decrease in the air-conditioning anthropogenetic heat and increasing vegetive fraction. Simultaneously, alterations in urban temperatures impact the thermic behavior of new built up countries. Robitu et Al. ( 2006 ) assessed this impact on urban microclimate, covering the function of flora and H2 O organic structures. While Fahmey and Sharples ( 2009 ) examined how urban signifier can be designed to move as a inactive thermal comfort system. At the same clip, Wong, Nichol, Ng ( 2011 ) assessed the impact of â€Å" wall consequence † edifices on urban temperature within densely territories and stated that taking some costal edifices was indispensable to increase air airing to urban countries inland. In their surveies to look into the chilling public presentation in traditional and modern urban contexts in Dubai Al-Sallal and Al-Rais ( 2011 ) and Al-Sallal and Al-Rais ( 2012 ) found that narrow street canons in modern urban forms could speed up air currents velocity go throughing through it, ensuing in a better inactive chilling public presentation.Research aims and justificationTechnically, UHI is caused by urbanization when edifices, roads, and other substructure elements replace unfastened land or sea. This state of affairs is really obvious in the GCCC where the cur rent demand for lodging and substructure is increasing. As stated in subdivision 1, this demand is taking to the changing of landscape, from flora, sand and H2O to hard surface edifice blocks. Exposing these blocks to the direct Sun increases the temperature of their surfaces and the ambiance, and accordingly impacts the regional conditions, energy ingestion and thermic comfort through the alteration of climatic variables. However ; there are limited surveies measuring this impact on the new urban parts of the GCCC. Bahrain is an interesting topographic point to analyze the development of UHI and its deductions since it is as a little island province in the Gulf part, where there is a minor differentiation between urban and rural lands. Therefore, analysis on the urban enlargement in Bahrain is suited to analyze the tendency of increased temperature in the GCCC. This work, hence, purposes at measuring the impact of urbanization on the thermic behavior of new built up countries in Ba hrain. The chief focal point is placed on the summer period with the following aims: To measure the function of urban enlargement in the development of summer atmospheric UHI within the canopy bed. To analyze how the summer thermal behavior of new built up countries is affected by different urban elements. The result of this work may stand for interesting recommendations for urban contrivers refering with the betterment of thermic behavior with minimal energy ingestion. The first and most logical measure is to present a brief background about Bahrain.Bahrain profileAs depicted in Figure 1, Bahrain is a little archipelago, comprises a group of 40 islands. Recent statistics indicate that the land country consists of 735 km2 or approximately 3.5 times the size of Washington DC ( Fowler et al, 2006 ) . It is located in the Persian Gulf ( Besides known as the Arabian Gulf ) and here after referred to as the â€Å" Gulf part † with geographic locations extend from 50A ° 20Iˆ Tocopherol 50A ° 50Iˆ UZE for Longitudes, and from 25A ° 32Iˆ N to 26A ° 26Iˆ N for Latitudes. The clime of Bahrain can be described as a mild winter and highly hot summer ( Elagib and Abdu, 1997 ) . The features of this clime resemble those of waterless and semi-arid zones: rainfall is low , irregular, seasonal and variable, comparative humidness is besides high, particularly during the showery seasons, and temperatures are variable but high. Figure 2 shows a brief analysis of climatic elements in Bahrain. The analysis shows an overall annual mean temperature of 26.5oC with a monthly norm maximal temperature of 38oC ( August ) and a monthly norm minimal temperature of 14.4oC ( January ) . The monthly mean comparative humidness is 62 % , with a maximal monthly norm of 72 % and a minimal monthly norm of 50 % . Wind from North East way throughout the twelvemonth is a characteristic of Bahrain. The air current velocity norm shows little fluctuation, being by and large low from April to December with a monthly norm of 4.2 m/s, while from January to March it is good above 5.1 m/s, making a monthly norm of 5.2 m/s in February. Bahrain is blessed with a high solar radiation degree. The highest monthly norms of entire and direct radiation are 585 W/m2 and 383 W/m2. An of impor t point is that solar parametric quantities have about the same values at different sites in Bahrain. The aforesaid analysis illustrates the general clime measured at Bahrain international airdrome, which is rather different from local conditions conditions in many other locations. This work assesses alterations in the microclimate of a figure of sites all over Bahrain due to the current urbanization procedure, and analyze how such a procedure impact the summer thermal behavior of urban parts.Assessment methodological analysisAs introduced in subdivision 1, there are two types of UHI, viz. , atmospheric and surface heat islands. Different methods were reported ( EPA, 2012 ) to place these two types, including direct and indirect methods, numerical modeling, and estimations based on empirical theoretical accounts. This work uses assorted methods to measure the UHI. The appraisal passed through two chief stairss: foremost, measuring the impact of urbanization on the atmospheric UHI within the canopy bed, and 2nd, measuring the alteration in the thermic behavior of new built up countrie s due to different urban elements. Figure 3 illustrates the procedure of informations aggregation, analysis and consequences.Step-1: Measuring the impact of urbanization on the atmospheric UHIIn general footings the features of atmospheric UHI were analysed by utilizing, physical measurings, advanced statistics of conditions informations and applications of geographical information systems ( GIS ) .Physical measurings and conditions informationsAs depicted in Table 1, the undermentioned informations and tools were utilised to analyze the impact of urban enlargement on the development of atmospheric UHI. Assorted maestro programs and land usage maps provided by the Urban Planning Department ( 2010 ) . They were collected as digital and scanned transcripts and related to the period between 1960 and 2010. Distant feeling informations: orbiter images obtained from Landsat 7 ( USGS. 2010 ) . Temperature informations and sets of elaborate measured conditions informations provided by the Meteorological Directorate ( 2010 ) . Temperature values and other conditions informations were collected as digital transcripts. They were measured by utilizing fixed and nomadic meteoric Stationss in the airdrome and other sites all over Bahrain and were related to 2009.GIS applicationsA figure of GIS applications were used in this analysis, including: Google Earth application ( 2010 ) was used to place studied countries and rapid climb into hot musca volitanss. ArcGIS-ArcMap 9.3 applications ( ESRI, 2008 ) were foremost used to change over digital and scanned maestro programs, map orbiter images every bit good as digital conditions informations to vectors ( shape-files ) . It so were utilised to oblige informations ; pull off geographic information and registry and use raster sheathing procedure. Environmental patterning package: ENVI 4.5 ( 2008 ) was used for an accurate spatial and geostatic analysis. To place the features of urban enlargement during the last few decennaries, remote feeling informations and governmental studies represented by orbiter images, land usage maps and maestro programs ( 1960-2010 ) were superimposed by agencies of Google Earth ( Google Earth, 2010 ) and GIS application-ArcMap ( ESRI, 2008 ) . Weather information of the survey sites were so used to measure the strength of UHI due to urban enlargement. These informations were inserted into the GIS applications in order to make weather informations shape-files utilizing the ArcMap and to bring forth temperature profiles of sites under survey. ArcMap was besides used for enrollment procedure and using raster sheathing procedure. For more accurate spatial and geostatic analyses, the consequences were loaded into the ENVI package ( ENVI, 2008 ) . Using this package enabled to cognize the sum built up countries in combination with the temperature classes every bit good as to obtain elaborate information on the value of each temperature category per location. Given that UHI impacts the summer thermal behavior, specific temperature informations of two summer yearss ( 15 of June & A ; 21 of August ) were analysed. They were chosen based on the highest mean entire solar radiation and the highest mean hourly average temperature. In add-on, 21st of August was identified by some scientific surveies ( Radhi, 2009 ) as being the summer design twenty-four hours. The chief focal point of this survey was placed on the peak hr and therefore, mean average air temperature differences during the period between 15.00 and 16.00 autopsies were computed for two yearss. Temperatures reordered at Bahrain international airdrome were considered as the mention instance. The temperature differences between the mention instance and other 13 survey sites were calculated. The survey sites and their features are given in Table 2.Step-2: Measuring the impact of urban elements on UHIIn add-on to the consequences of step-1, elaborate measured weather informations, the S ketchUp package ( 2010 ) and computational fluid kineticss ( CFD ) applications, represented by PHOENICS ( Cham, 2011 ) were utilised to analyze the thermic behavior of new built up countries. PHOENICS is a general intent CFD package bundle. It predicts quantitatively how fluids such as air flow in and around edifices. PHOENICS was chosen due to its pre-processing, data-processing and post-processing capablenesss. Table 3 high spots these capablenesss every bit good as the restrictions of this bundle. With regard to the current instance, PHOENICS allows the definition of the transient Sun angle and the strength of the thermal radiation which is a map of clip. It besides enables constructing up urban surfaces and landscape elements ( e.g. , edifices, roads and H2O organic structures from different stuffs, which can be selected from a constitutional belongings data-base. In some instances ( flora ) new stuffs are added to the bing data-base through the FORTRAN user modus operandis. Two theoretical accounts, stand foring two major territories in Bahrain, were studied. They differ in footings of locations, construction, weather forecasting, typography, geometrical constellation and land screen. As illustrated in Figure 4, the first territory is WADI AL-SAIL ( WD-SL ) , located in the center of Bahrain with hot waterless conditions. The 2nd is AMWAJ ISLANDS ( AMJ-ISLND ) . It is manmade islands in the northern costal with hot humid conditions. Based on their specification and physical measurings, geometrical theoretical accounts were foremost developed utilizing the SketchUp package. These theoretical accounts were so exported into the PHOENICS application.Model scenes and boundary conditionsFigure 5 illustrates the developed theoretical accounts that reflect the overall dimensions of the solution sphere every bit good as the measurement points that were placed to enter temperatures with air current flow velocity. The survey countries were with the scope of 0.35 k m2 ( AMJ-ISLNDS ) and 0.18 km2 ( WD-SL ) . They were divided into ( squares ) cells by 30 points distributed along X and Y axes. The distance between axes was set at 100 m with an norm between 50 and 150 m matching to the distance between the urban elements. Maximal distance was limited by the street canons, landscape elements and boundaries of the survey countries. As the surface air temperature conventionally measured around 1.5 m ( Huang et al, 2009 ) , the tallness was set at 1.5-1.7 m above the land degree. As illustrated above in Figure 5, the two theoretical accounts contain different urban constituents to reflect the survey countries. The grid convergence and truth of the representation of non-orthogonal surfaces was improved by utilizing smaller grid spacing and in some instances specific grid parts were modified to increase the truth. The figure of cells was set to 450.000 for the WD-SL theoretical account and 500.000 for AMJ-ISLND. A great figure of CFD simulations were carried out. The figure of loops required till convergence ranged from 115000 for the former to 125000 for the latter. Table 4 shows the boundary conditions of the two instances. They were determined by solar radiation, out-of-door temperature and air current flow during the summer design twenty-four hours between 15.00 and 14.00 autopsy.Urban modeling attackPHOENICS ( Cham, 2010 ) and its convergent thinker ( Earth ) were used for an accurate analysis and to let whizzing in on the inside informations of the air mo tion and temperature and fluxing distribution within the theoretical accounts. The regulating partial differential equations for preservation of mass, impulse, and energy in a turbulent flow system is shown in the undermentioned equation, and solved with a common numerical algorithm in the codification: ( 1 ) PHOENICS solves a finite-volume preparation of the balance equation beginning term. It uses air as a default flow medium with temperature dependant belongingss and is supplied with several agencies of calculating heat transportation. The current simulation was performed utilizing: Turbulence: the RNG k-I µ theoretical account Thermal radiation: the IMMERSOL ( Immersed solid ) theoretical account Air turbulency represented by the renormalisation group ( RNG ) turbulency theoretical account was used to foretell the flow and motion of air and temperature response of the developed theoretical accounts. Assuming gravitation in the x-direction and utilizing the incompressible flow clip averaged equations, the RNG k-I µ is simplified as: ( 2 ) The RNG k-I µ is a RANS turbulency eddy-viscosity theoretical account and belongs to the subcategory called Two-Equations. The RNG k-I µ is one of the most common turbulency theoretical accounts in usage for airflow simulation in the reinforced environment. The usage of this theoretical account can be justified based on the many polishs occurred when compared with the criterions k-I µ ( Pasut & A ; Carli, 2012 ) . The disruptive kinetic energy Ks, rate of energy kinetic dissipation and the equation for turbulent eddy viscousness are illustrated in equations ( 3, 4 and 5 ) . ( 3 ) ( 4 ) ( 5 ) IMMERSOL ( Immersed solid ) theoretical account was utilised to attest the solar radiation. The usage of IMMERSOL is related to its ability to supply an economically-realisable estimate to the precise mathematical representation of radiative transportation, in add-on to its truth and plausibleness ( Cham, 2010 ) . During the simulation, the entire solar radiation is absorbed by the urban elements ( Q ) . Equation ( 6 ) shows that direct and diffuse radiation is stored by surfaces and therefore the radiation temperature T3 is the temperature of these surfaces. Within the urban parts, the distribution of beaming temperature derived from radiosity E = I? ( T3 ) 4, and can be represented by equation ( 7 ) . The beaming temperature between surfaces within the urban part can be computed at any location in the sphere. ( 6 ) ( 7 ) Where Equation 7 describes the air ( flow medium ) radiation in footings of conductivity. The impact of conductivity of surfaces and radiation between them can be specified by the immersed-solids temperature T throughout the sphere, with a position-and T-dependent conduction. Climatic conditions of the nearest locations were considered as mentions. The temperature differences between the mentions and examined territories were so calculated.Result and treatmentThis work foremost assesses the impact of urban enlargement on UHI. It so examines the thermic behavior of new built environments due to assorted urban elements and carried out numerical simulation for existent complex urban countries, covering two mixed-use territories.Urban enlargement in Bahrain ( 1960-2010 )Detection of urban enlargement in Bahrain was carried out utilizing assorted high declaration maestro programs, land usage maps and satellite images. Figure 6 illiterates the urban enlargement between 1960 and 2010. The illustr ation shows a major urbanization in the northern half of the island accompanied with a important desertification in the southern half. During the 1960th, the urban colonies system and land usage forms were influenced by the important alterations in economic and societal construction every bit good as the governmental engagement which played a major function in determining metropoliss and colonies. This can be seen clearly in the current morphology of Manama cardinal ( M.CNTRL ) and Muharraq. Simultaneously, new colonies and extensions of metropoliss such as Isa Town ( I.TOWN ) , Hamad Town ( H.TOWN ) and most late WADI Al-SEAL ( WD-SL ) were planned in a grid form. Heavy industrial composites were the feature of the late 1970th and the beginning of the 1980th. The analysis of this period showed that most mills were located on the East and North East sides of Bahrain Island, peculiarly in SITRA. In the late 1990th, a new two-folded scheme purposes at developing touristry and finance has been adopted. In footings of touristry, many substructure investings have been made to pull foreign and regional capitals in new touristry countries. A clear illustration is best seen in the investing of the auto rushing Formula-1 in the abandoned country of Suker ( SKR ) . Other illustrations are the immense shopping Centres and hypermarkets in M.CNTRL. The outgrowth of this tendency has been accompanied with systematic sea renewal. This attitude was expressed in the freshly developed and ample sites. An obvious illustration is seen in Bahrain Diplomatic country ( DPLMTC ) and the Financial Harbour ( BFH ) , which replaced the old haven ( O.SEAPORT ) . Durrat al -Bahrain ( DRT-BAH ) in the southern half of the island and AMWAJ ISLANDS ( AMJ-ISLND ) in North of Muharraq are other clear illustrations. The renewal is dispersed all over Bahrain Island, but is fundamentally located on the coastline. By 2010, between 65 and 75 km2 of costal country was reclaimed.Micro-climatic alteration introduced by urbanizationTo cipher the country of urban enlargement and land usage, ocular screen digitization technique was used. The urban built up countries were identified as polygons as illustrated above in Figure 6. It can be seen that the built up urban country increased indiscriminately more than four times during the last few decennaries. The geostatic analysis in Figure 7 shows an increasing tendency in all land usage classs with a fast rate in lodging, commercial and industrial land usage during different periods. Urban enlargement through sea renewal and destructive land usage, normally gives rise to a dramatic alteration in the landscape, as H2O org anic structures and natural surfaces are removed and replaced by non-evaporating and non-transpiring surfaces such as metal, asphalt and concrete. This procedure can take to increase the temperature and accordingly change the microclimate of new urban parts. Figure 8 compares mean average temperature values of the survey sites. Valuess during June exceed 30 oC in most locations ( Airport 33.7 oC ) , while values during August exceed 37 oC in urban lands ( Airport 38.4 oC ) , contributes to the being of higher temperature values in urban parts. The spacial analysis in Figure 9 shows the mean average temperatures of survey sites in the summer design twenty-four hours ( 21st of August ) . Some observations can be highlighted. First, the mean average temperatures of urban lands at the northern portion are higher than those of rural lands at the southern portion. Second, with the exclusion to the Budaiya country ( BUDYIA ) , the temperature differences between the Airport ( BASE ) and other urban lands in the northern parts are ever positive, which means that the air temperature in the airdrome is ever lower. The higher values are observed in the industrial territory of Sitra ( SITRA ) , followed by the commercial and concern territory of Manama cardinal ( M.CNTRL ) , and so the dumbly residential territories of Hamad Town ( H.TOWN ) , Isa Town ( I.TOWN ) and Hidd ( HIDD ) . These consequences may stand for the order of urban temperature reported by Jusuf et Al. ( 2007 ) . However, H.TOWN and I.TOWN are residential territories but with temperature values higher than the airdrome. This difference is due the location of the airdrome near to the sea, while the two residential territories are located in abandoned countries. Third, the temperature differences between the BASE and other rural lands in the southern portion are ever negative, which means that the temperature in the airdrome is ever higher. The lower values are observed in Blajj Al-Jazair ( B.JZR ) , followed by Durrat Al-Bahrain ( DRT-BHR ) and so the Sukar ( SKR ) country. Temperature values of SKR are the highest amongst others in the southern portion. This is merely because SKR is a abandoned country, where the auto rushing Formula-1 is constructed. In the instance of DRT.BHR, it is a new constructed urban territory with assorted land use. The costal location with sea zephyr may stand for an advantage for DRT.BAH. An of import point to observe is that the temperature values in islands such as Umm AL-Nassan ( U.NSN ) and Fashet Al-Jaram ( F.JRM ) are lower than most sites in Bahrain. U.NSN is occupied with some urban elements, and thereby, the temperature values are higher than in F.JRM with approximately 1.5 oC. Finally, Centres of metropolitan countries experiences higher temperatures when compared with their rural milieus. M.CNTRL, for illustration, is found to be warmer than the corresponding values of the AIRPORT every bit good as warmer than its costal boundaries, represented by DPMTC-AREA and BFH where the sea zephyr from the North East contributes towards lower temperatures. Harmonizing to the weather forecasting, the air temperature over sea is lower than that over land by at least 3oC. This is because of temperatures of sea surfaces which reaches 18oC, 35oC and 26.8oC for the lower limit ( January ) , maximal ( August ) and mean severally. The consequences in Figure 10 shows that temperature values in urban lands at the northern portion are higher than the corresponding values at the BASE by 2-3 oC every bit good as higher than values of rural lands at the southern portion by 3-5 oC. The performed geostatic and spacial analyses indicate that the higher temperature values are occurred at the northern portion due to assorted human activities. SITRA is with the highest values due to industrialization and anthropogenetic heat, followed by M.CNTRL due to ongoing monolithic concern and commercial enlargement coupled with heavy traffic, and so dumbly built territories such as H.TOWN, I.TOWN and HIDD due to high concentration of people and monolithic residential enlargement. BYDDIA country is with the lowest values amongst other urban lands due to the presence of flora coupled with its location near to the sea with predominating air current from North East seashore. With the recent ongoing lessening in green countries, rapid u rban and systematic land and sea renewal, it is expected that temperatures will increase more and act upon the thermic behavior in urban parts. The following subdivision examines how the thermic behavior in such part is affected by assorted urban and landscape elements.Impacts of urban elements on UHILocation, construction, urban design and above all the presence of landscape elements can modify the microclimate and influence the summer thermal behavior of urban parts. To exemplify this logical thinking, CFD analyses were performed for two existent territories. Wind flow ( u ) , air temperature ( T ) and average beaming temperature ( Tmrt ) were modelled and the predicted average ballot ( PMV ) was estimated at the peak hr ( 15.00-16.00 autopsy ) of summer design twenty-four hours ( August the 21st ) .Impact on air current flowWind flows in the two survey countries are shown in Figure 11 ( A & A ; B ) . In general, the speed Fieldss show that the air current is tunnelled and H2O org anic structures are doing in some countries random wind flow distribution. In AMJ-ISLND, the chief urban elements, which impact wind flow, seem to be H2O organic structures and edifice blocks. On the one manus, the air current speed is increasing at the boundaries due to the sea zephyr which arises due to differential warming between land and H2O surfaces. As mentioned in subdivision 3.2 that temperatures of sea surfaces are lower than those of land surfaces by at least 3 oC. With the exclusion of point X3Y1 ( 3.4 m/s ) , all points distributed along Y1, show a fast rate of air current flow from the sea towards the northern boundaries. This reflects the alleged Cold Front, in which the heater air mass within the island is replaced by comparatively colder air mass from the North East way. On the other manus, the presence of urban elements, peculiarly edifices, acts over the air current as a shelter diminishing the air current velocity to 1.4 m/s in the Centre ( X3Y4 ) , and ever modi fying the form of air current flow. An of import point to observe is that edifices in this unreal island are planned on irregular web grids. This significantly disturbs air current flow over the island and sometimes deflects air currents. Another point to high spots is that the program and construction of AMJ-ISLND increases the shelter and hence, cut downing the counsel of air current flows to travel across canons and the bunch Centre. Nevertheless, some points, such as X2Y4 ( 4.7 m/s ) , placed at street canons parallel to the prevailing influx shows an addition in wind speed. Unlike AMJ-ISLND, the land bed in the instance of WD-SL is somewhat unsmooth. Impacts of raggedness are obvious at the boundary line of WD-SL, in which air current speed is reduced within the scope of to 0.5 to 1.5 m/s. In this instance, the chief urban elements, which impact wind flow, seem to be the program and construction of edifice blocks. This consequence may stand for the scenario of urban temperature reported by Oke ( 2006 ) . The usage of regular web grids with street canons parallel to the prevailing inflow minimise the shelter and increasing the air current speed. This can be noted at both terminals parallel to the prevailing influx and at street canons taking into the opposite boundaries making air current tunnels. This is really clear in points at Y3 axis. In add-on, the orientation of canons and the web grids are about parallel to the prevailing influx and hence, aid in modifying the form of flow. Nevertheless, the construction at the Centre with concentrated edifices i s barricading the air current flow and has led to cut down the speed to less that 1.5 m/s.Impact on air temperatureTemperature counters ( at 1.5-1.7 m tallness ) enable to detect the perkiness flow impacts on the thermic conditions of the survey countries. These impacts are straight related to the flow behavior of speed Fieldss. Figure 12 ( A & A ; B ) compares air temperature ( T ) counters of the two instances. In WD-SL ( B ) , temperature differences between the Centre, ( points of axes X3-X5 and axesY3-Y5 ) , and boundaries are positive during the examined period, which means that the air temperature in the Centre is higher. The average difference between the Centre and boundaries is about 2.2 oC with and mean between 1.3 oC and 3.7 oC. The highest average differences are found between the Centre and the two points of X2Y5 and X3Y3. This difference is merely because of the presence of flora in the country where these points are located. Similar to WD-SL, temperatures at the Cent re of AMJ-ISLND are higher than those at the boundaries. Some points over H2O have lower temperatures than those over concrete and difficult surfaces even if those points are located near to the Centre. The handiness of H2O increases the difference in temperature between the Centre and boundaries to 2.5-3.5 oC and the presence of H2O and flora together increases this difference to about 5 oC as can be seen in point X5Y4. In brief, most points at boundaries within the two survey countries are somewhat cooler than those at the Centres. Points at the Centres represent high air temperature values as a consequence of slow air current and high denseness, lending towards a decreased loss of stored heat. Due to fluctuation in location, construction, land screen and urban surface, mean average air temperature in WD-SL ( 39.5 A °C ) is warmer than that in AMJ-ISLND ( 37.6 A °C ) . In add-on, the hot waterless conditions in the instance of WD-SL contribute significantly towards higher air temperatures. The mean difference between the two Centres is about 2.4 oC. In AMJ-ISLND, the impact of UHI in the Centre and boundaries is mitigated by the ability of H2O organic structures as urban heat sinks to modify the air temperature. This chilling consequence takes topographic point when hot air is put into contact with the H2O surface with its lower temperature. The flora in the WD-SL is able to keep a lower temper ature due to the vaporization that acts as a regulative mechanism. The influence of flora in WD-SL nevertheless, is non important due to the deficiency of sufficient country and distribution.Impact on thermic behavior and human comfortTmrt ( sometimes is referred to as urban radiant heat island ) is an of import term to analyze how the thermic behavior is affected by assorted urban elements. Figure 13 ( A & A ; B ) compares the Tmrt of the two survey countries. The mean value of 44.7 oC is obtained in AMJ-ISLAND. The difference between the Centre and other points on the horizontal and perpendicular axes is within the scope of 8-17 A °C. The handiness of saltwater in some countries represents an effectual chilling performing artist due to two grounds: foremost, the ability to maintain temperatures low, 2nd, the low coefficient of reflection. The coefficient of reflection of H2O is about 3 % at times of maximal solar radiation, and hence, reflects small solar radiation towards urban elements within the island. It absorbs a big sum of radiation, up to 80 % without any important addition in temperature because of the thermic capacity and vaporization at the H2O surface. In the instance of WD-SL, the mean Tmrt value is about 52.4 A °C. It grows at the Centre due to the concentration of concrete blocks, reduces at the boundaries to make an norm of 45.5 A °C, and falls to about 36.5 A °C at some parts with flora. This consequence confirms the impact of flora on temperature values as reported by Akbari et Al. ( 1992 ) . The presence of green countries in WD-SL modifies the sum of solar radiation making the surface and maintains a lower temperature due to the vaporization that acts as a regulative mechanism. Within the comfort context, the PMV was calculated for the measurement points utilizing ASHREA standards ( ANSI/ASHREA 55-1992 ) . Figure 14 illustrates the PMV in both instances. The consequence shows that the outside conditions during the testing period are uncomfortable, particularly at the Centres of urban countries. The consequence besides shows a important decrease in PMV in countries with H2O organic structures and flora when compared with urban countries with concrete and asphalt. In AMJ-ISLND, the point X5Y4 is with the lowest PMV due to the handiness of flora and its location near to the sea where the H2O and zephyr from the North East contributes towards lower solar radiation and temperature. In contrast, points at the Centre ( points of X2-X4 and Y2-Y3 ) have high PMV values. Some points over H2O organic structures and near to the Centre have lower PMV values than those over concrete and difficult surfaces. The same state of affairs occurs in WD-SL. Points located in coun tries with flora have PMV values lower than those of points located in countries where natural surfaces are removed and replaced by non-evaporating and non-transpiring surfaces such as metal, asphalt and concrete.Decision and future workTo analyze the impact of urbanization on the thermic behavior of urban parts, this work performed a two stairss appraisal: foremost, an appraisal of the impact of urban enlargement on the atmospheric UHI, and 2nd, an appraisal of the impact of urban elements on the microclimate and thermic behavior of new built up countries. For the intent of the first measure, a elaborate statistical analysis of atmospheric UHI features was carried out utilizing elaborate temperature informations of 14 sites ( Table 2 ) distributed all over Bahrain. The consequences indicated that the recent procedure of urbanization led to and increase in the urban temperature by 2-5 oC. This addition was chiefly reinforced by urban activity such as ongoing building procedure, shri nking of green set and sea renewal over the last few old ages. It was found that temperature values of sites at the northern portion are warmer than those at the southern portion. The temperature differences between the Airport as a mention and other urban lands in the northern parts are ever positive, which meant that the air temperature in the airdrome was ever lower. The higher temperature values were chiefly occurred in the undermentioned countries: SITRA was found with the highest values due to industrialization and anthropogenetic heat, followed by M.CNTRL due to monolithic concern and commercial building coupled with heavy traffic, and so dumbly built territories such as H.TOWN, I.TOWN and HIDD due to high concentration of people and monolithic residential enlargement. BYDDIA country is with the lowest air temperature values amongst other urban lands due to the presence of flora coupled with its location near to the sea with predominating air current from North East seashore. For the intent of the 2nd measure, this works examined the thermic behavior of two theoretical accounts stand foring two major territories. They were selected to measure spacial impacts such as construction, urban design and land screen. The findings allowed the sensing of urban elements that contributed to temperature sweetening. It was found that the presence of UHI is a consequence of the absence of climatic urban design and planning, deficiency of H2O organic structures and green screen. The findings of this work can be summarised as follows: There is an addition in air temperature within the scope of 2-3 oC in unreal islands and 3-5 oC in lands with sand screen and hot waterless conditions. Irregular web grids, such as that of AMJ-ISLAND, addition shelter, cut down air current speed and diminish the loss of stored heat in surfaces, hence, lending towards an increased UHI. In contrast, regular web grids with street canons parallel to the predominating influx such as that of WD-SL minimise the shelter, increase the air current speed and increase the loss of stored heat, hence, lending towards a reduced atmospheric UHI. The fluctuation in urban radiant heat island values is dependent on the urban geometry, weather conditions and above all typography and urban surface, peculiarly the handiness of sand and H2O. Comfort degrees in sand screen parts are much higher than those in H2O screen parts. Outside summer conditions ( August ) in Bahrain are by and large uncomfortable, particularly at the Centres of metropolitan countries ; nevertheless, there is a important improve in comfort degree in countries with H2O and flora when compared with countries with concrete and asphalt. This work has shown the impact of urbanization on the thermic comfort and dramatis personae visible radiation on some urban planning solutions in Bahrain. The findings introduced in this work may assist urban contrivers to better the thermic behavior of future and planned territories. Nevertheless, alterations in microclimate impact non merely human comfort but besides the energy demand for chilling edifices. A research concerns with the impact of urbanization on the energy ingestion of new built up countries will be carried out. This research would affect extended temperature informations aggregation for urban surface in Bahrain. These informations would probably be gathered through experimental and numerical surveies.

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HIV video summary - Assignment Example The first video proffered details of AIDS from the outbreak to epidemic. It discussed that AIDS was first reported June 5, 1981, when the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention recorded a cluster of Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia (now still classified as PCP but known to be caused by Pneumocystis jirovecii) in five homosexual men in Los Angeles. Acquired immune deficiency syndrome or acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) is defined as a set of symptoms and infections resulting from the damage to the human immune system caused by the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). More details on early epidemic signs, AIDS timeline, rapid AIDS virus test, global statistics, and question and answer portions were all presented. The mechanisms, from its inception to the life cycle of the virus were discussed. With the alarming number of people affected with AIDS, a specialized drug was developed to contain the syndrome. This is known as antiretroviral medications. â€Å"Antiretroviral drugs inhibit the reproduction of retroviruses-viruses composed of RNA rather than DNA. The best known of this group is HIV, human immunodeficiency virus, the causative agent of AIDS. Antiretroviral agents are virustatic agents which block steps in the replication of the virus. The drugs are not curative; however continued use of drugs, particularly in multi-drug regimens, significantly slows disease progression.† The enormity of people who had been diagnosed of AIDS/HIV in developing countries needs more than primary health care to address this illness. According to the video, the most appropriate care needed by patients diagnosed with AIDS/HIV is palliative care. By addressing the patients’ physical, emotional, mental, social, physiological aspects, health care practitioners could finally admit that appropriate treatment was indeed delivered. The lectures presented were very informative and useful as an authoritative

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Why do many small businesses fail - Research Paper Example opting to launch a new product in the market, while launching a new product it will take various factors such as employment rate, interest rate and rules and regulations set by the government (Dodsworth, 1997, p.1980). The rate of employment will help the organization determine whether the individuals living in the nation have the power to purchase their product or not. If the rate of unemployment is high, individuals will focus on spending less and when individuals focus on spending less, they refrain from trying new products. Due to this all the investment and the finances invested to produce, promote and sell a new [product might go in vain. Secondly, the organization has to ensure that the product they are launching the activities they are going to conduct to launch the product are consistent with the rules and regulations of the country, this is because if the company fails to comply with a nations rules and regulations, it might have to face heavy sanctions and

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Remediation technologies - Assignment Example The pests have become more resistant to the crop and caterpillars are growing at an alarming rate. The caterpillars have invaded farms in large numbers and their growth is making an ecological imbalance in the ecosystem. The sizes of caterpillars have drastically changed. Each caterpillar is now larger and more destructive. Attempts to spray them with chemicals have been futile as they are more resistant to pesticides. Farmers who adopted the crop now depend more on pesticides than ever before and in turn pollute the environment on a larger scale. The nation is facing shortage of food after the pests destroyed large tracks of corn. To try to rehabilitate the environment that is being destroyed it is important to withdraw the GMO corns from the fields and apply Monitored Natural attenuation (Direitos). This will control the modification of caterpillar genes and in turn control their numbers. The move will also reduce the use of pesticide and reduce the levels of pollution in the environment. This method is suitable since the impact is not so big and it is the cheapest in rehabilitation. The method also does not require a lot of attention allowing the community to proceed with other economic activities. Direitos, Terra de. In historic ruling, Brazilian court bans release of Bayer GM corn. 13 March 2014. 15 April 2014

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Discuss The Role Of Procedure In Managing Both Individual And Collective Conflict In Organisations - Essay Example The word discipline is ingrained in the word disciple and is consequently best understood as a procedure free of threats, mortification, and embarrassment. The objective of the employee discipline is twofold: A review of the literature on discipline procedure discloses an abundance of different discipline procedures, some advising that immediate, consistent consequences for "misbehaviour" are warranted, some recommending the importance of positive discipline, some warning against punishments and praise, and still others recommending the importance of making employees aware of the consequences for rule violations. (Tobin, 2000) Most of the discipline procedures can be grouped into two categories: systems-centred and principle-centred. In the systems discipline procedure, the organisation has a preset list of rules, and senior officials of management are expected to take action when the rules are violated. Consequences are prescribed and are to be administered in the same manner to all violators, without regard to the situation or the person or whether they produce a change in behaviour. An example of this discipline procedure is the zero tolerance discipline procedure enforced in many conflict systems across the nation. Organizations using this discipline procedure to operate on a set of principles or values, which are disseminated to members of management, and rules based on these principles, are developed. Senior officials of management are expected to respond when any of the rules are violated. Discipline, on the other hand, is individualized and supported by the situation and the individual(s) involved. Advantages and Disadvantages of Disciplinary Procedures There are number of advantages and disadvantages of disciplinary procedures. Some of them are disciplinary procedure takes employees away from 1) solemn dishonesty, such as burglary of property, deliberate misrepresentation of salary or expenses claims for pecuniary advantage, misrepresentation of any in sequence given in applying for a post and failure to disclose criminal convictions where required to do so; 2) thought-out refusal to carry out a reasonable, lawful and safe instruction; 3) Wilfully pay no attention to responsibilities or instruction thereby placing other members of staff in danger; 4) Gross carelessness in failing to attend or carry out the duties of the post; thereby causing intolerable loss, damage or injury; 5) Being out of shape to carry out duties associated with the post as a result of taking alcohol or other drugs; 6) Acts of violent behaviour or vandalism in the itinerary of employment; g) Sexual misbehaviour at work. Advantages and Disadvantages of Bargaining and Negotiating Procedures The effective-negotiation system complements the management process in other ways, which suggest that it could be the operational vehicle for intraorganisational bargaining. For instance, organizational staffing and

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How far was foreign intervention responsible for the Nationalist victory in the Spanish Civil War - Essay Example The sole objective of my investigation is to measure the tremendous impact which certain foreign countries exerted on the Spanish Civil War and whether they are to be held guilty and blameworthy for supporting the rebellious subjects during the Civil War or not. From this perspective, it seems relevant to address the following question: to what extent was foreign intervention responsible for the National victory in the Spanish Civil War? Waged between the Republicans and the Nationalists for a period of three years (from 1936 to 1939), the Spanish Civil War was indeed a ferocious conflict that has both destroyed and devastated Spain. The conflict has began immediately after an attempt of a coup d’à ©tat triggered by a herd of dissatisfied Spanish Army generals who declared themselves the new authority in Spain wielding much excessive power. Remarkable is that the hierarchy of the Catholic Church, the Spanish landlords and some of the industrialists and financiers did not hesitate an instance to afford instinctive and unconditioned support to the military insurgency. These people have developed some kind of phobia and aversion for the elected government’s schemes for reform and sought to create a state of chaos and disorder in Spain with the aid of some foreign countries. My intervention therefore is to shed light on the divergent aspects of the Spanish Civil war, focusing mainly on the way foreign countries intervened in it in shaping National victory. As a matter of fact, the rebellious Spanish subjects were backed up by the conservative Spanish Confederation of the Autonomous Right (Confederacià ³n Espaà ±ola de Derechas Autà ³nomas, or C.E.D.A), monarchists known as Carlist groups, and the Fascist Falange (Falange Espaà ±ola de las J.O.N.S.).1 Prominently, the military purely Spanish conflict has ended with the defeat of the Republican government, the victory of the right-wing generals and the foundation of a dictatorship under the auspices

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U.S. National Debt and a Fiscal Plan to Fix Deficit 6.2 Trillion - Literature review Example The debt implies that a large percentage of the total GDP of the United States falls under public debt, which hinders economic growth. It also leads to other economic hazards like unemployment and dependence on the employed people in the society. The government will also lose potential investors because they will lack confidence in the sustainability of economic growth. Various presidents have tried to adjust the debt by applying various fiscal and monetary policies (see table 1). Factors that contributed to the problem Accumulation of the debt has a historical as well as economic significance. Historically, wars between the U.S. and other nations are the main cause of the rise in debt. For instance, the second world war of 1945 is believed to have the greatest contribution to an increase in the national debt. According to Treasury, the debt rose by close to 115% during this war. However, the debt reduced for the following thirty years until the past ten years when the trend reversed (Treasury Direct, 2012). The economic perspective highlights fiscal government policies as the main push factor of the increase in debt. There have been concerns about the weakness of various fiscal policies of the Federal Government in addressing long-term economic issues. Fiscal policies are the ones that look at the way the government spends its money as well as sources of government revenue. It is clear that, in recent years, the U.S. budget has always been a deficit budget. A deficit budget implies that the government spending outweighs the tax revenue. Many residents of the United States share the view that reduction in taxes is the main factor leading to the accumulation of the debt. This became evident especially after the current President initiated efforts to help the government in collecting more tax revenue than in the previous years. Fiscal Plan to decrease the national debt The main aim of the U.S. government should be to increase the tax revenue that it generates fro m the economy. The best approach to achieve this through the application of a progressive tax system. This system allows the government to tax more on high-income earners than it taxes the low-income earners. This will help in increasing the tax revenue and it will ease the burden of low-income earners. The amount that low-income earners have for consumption and savings will increase if the government reduces the taxes of low-income earners (United States Government Accountability Office, 2012). This will increase the national output through the GDP equation.  Ã‚  

In and Out of Hula Dancing Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

In and Out of Hula Dancing - Coursework Example The research deals with the change in kind of tradition or heritage that accompanies dance hula or its form or course of presentation in the countries where missionaries and Mormon belief faded slowly. It also delves deep if hula dancing is associated in the present context only with any form of exercise or if the traditional element is still existent in the art form. The name ‘Hula Dance’ is associated with girls wearing a short grass skirt, moonlit night and coconut trees on a shore where the roaring waves strike the shore and dance to the beats of this mighty dance. But far beyond that hula dancing, its concept and its traditional outlook, is analogous to what Cohen said about dancing: â€Å"History shows the dancer his heritage, his place in a line of distinguished, artistic ancestors. It is a legacy to instill a sense of pride -and responsibility†. The contention put forwarded by Cohen describes the sense which captures the true essence of the art form. In recent times outlook about hula dancing have changed a lot. Every year thousands of tourists are visiting Hawaii get the privilege to watch â€Å"real Hawaiian hula dancing† through a packaged tour with a Luau setting or in their respective hotels where they are given a glimpse of the gigantic heritage. The introduction to hula dancing is made common now – a -days through numerous competitions taking place worldwide, precisely in Hawaii. Yet, hula is viewed to be beneficial and the dance form is marked for its exercise benefits. The question that rises in one’s mind is if hula dancing is only an exotic form of dance which will be used to allure the tourists. To understand any form of folk tradition or art, it becomes necessary to delve deep into the heritage and the traditional way of living. Hula dancing cannot be merely categorized into a form of folk d ance that is tantalized with certain movements especially the hip movements even though they are the most popular. The movements that has perpetually served to entertain millions across the globe and has become the archetype of exotic and exuberance, actually conveys a complete different connotation. The movements that are used in hula dancing are not only carried out just for the sake of it. Those movements bear meanings that need to be thoroughly contemplated. The movement of this traditional dance form are actually casted out to make an artistry that inspires passion and encourage a traditional way of living.  Ã‚  

The Genius of Alexander the Great Book Review Essay Example for Free

The Genius of Alexander the Great Book Review Essay Alexander III of Macedon, widely known as Alexander the Great, is opinioned by some people to have been a ruthless man who only had a thirst for conquest , but according to others he was a man of intellect and â€Å"statesmanlike vision† (Hammond Preface). In N.G.L. Hammond’s book The Genius of Alexander the Great, as stated in the preface, he tries to refrain from writing based on his own opinion of Alexander, and instead analyzes the few surviving narratives on Alexander’s achievements in an unbiased manner. He portrays the conquests, struggles, and greatest achievements of Alexander’s career, such as the building of his empire that stretched from the eastern Mediterranean coast through Asia Minor and the Indus Valley (Hammond Preface). Hammond’s main goal is to evaluate the life of Alexander and to write an account of him which is as close to the true facts of his profession as one can achieve. Hammond claims that Alexander did more than any other individual to shape the history of civilization, which led to the title of his book. (Hammond preface) But what was it that made Alexander the Great so ‘great’? In the early years of his life, he wanted to achieve glory and excellence, and that dream stuck with him until his death. His ability to establish his positions and to forge an empire like no other led to the creation of his legendary name. Alexander overcame hardships, such as nationalism and racism, to build his kingdom using intellect and personality. Even at a young age he showed independence and courage when he tamed the wild stallion Bucephalus (Hammond 2). And that was only the beginning of him proving his worth and his leadership qualities. He was an admirable public speaker (Hammond 27), and he showed great amounts of courage and independence in his life time. At his first battle, the battle of the river Granicus, the Persians placed â€Å"their excellent cavalry 20,000 strong on the level ground facing the river and their 20,000 Greek mercenary infantry on the hillside above the level ground† (Hammond 65) as a defense mechanism that could not be turned on either side (Hammond 66). This battle proved his characteristic speed and courage when he formed a line for frontal attack which included Greek Calvary, Thracian cavalry, archers, Paeonian cavalry, the lancers, and the Hypaspists (Hammond 66) and attacked the Persians, prevailing due to his â€Å"strength, experience, and lances of cornelwood against javelines† (Hammond 67). He was a military genius, and it was because of this that he was victorious at that first battle. In Hammond’s opinion, Alexander’s â€Å"immediate grasp of the tactical situation, his coordination of all arms in a coordinated attack, and his ingenuity in combining the initial assault with the extension of his line upstream to the right were all brilliant† (Hammond 68). But how had he learned to become so ‘brilliant’ when it came to military? According to the text, he became educated in his military matters when he turned fourteen and attended the School of Royal Pages in 342 B.C.E. (Hammond 4). He took a four year course where he learned liberal arts, horsemanship, and basic subjects of school until he graduated on his eighteenth birthday (Hammond 5). It is because of this education that he received the start of his admirable career. Hammond provides multiple points in his book that show Alexander’s ‘greatness’, such as the Balkan campaign, where he broke through the Haemus Pass, crossed the Danube, and led his army through Wolf’s Pass without losing a single man (Hammond 39); the revolt and capture of Thebes, where his march into Thebes was â€Å"so swift that the Thebans did not know of his approach† (Hammond 44); and the battle of Gaugamela, where he defeated Darius III Codomannus and afterwards was acclaimed ‘King of Asia’ by the Macedonians (Hammond 110). During 340 B.C.E., Alexander commanded the Macedonian forces and defeated the Maedi in the Strymon Valley (Hammond 6). He captured their city and renamed it ‘Alexandropolis’. This was the beginning of his conquering and renaming of cities after himself, adding to his empire. He was liked by many people due to his great gift of friendship (Hammond 5), allowing him to become admired and respected as a leader. There were many events that lead to the death of Alexander, one including the passing of his best friend Hephaestion, which caused Alexander to fast and lay in grief for two days (Hammond 196). Before he died, he believed that if he gave thanks to the gods and prayed, they would hear his thoughts and grant him salvation. Because of this, he did not arrange a transition of power (Hammond 200). However, Alexander did not have the gods on his side as much as he thought he did because on June 10th, 323 B.C.E. he died at the age of thirty-two (Hammond 198). He had obtained a fever and later lost his power of speech (Hammond 197). Soldiers came into his room and â€Å"as the men filed past he was unable to speak but greeted them with his eyes† (Hammond 198). It was suggested that he died of malaria tropica, and other reports said he died of poisoning or alcoholism (Hammond 198). Nicolas Geoffrey Lemprià ¨re Hammond, otherwise known as N.G.L. Hammond, was a professor of Greek University of Cambridge (N.G.L. Hammond: Professor†¦). He was born on November 15th, 1907 and died March 21st, 2001 (N.G.L. Hammond Bio†¦). He has written multiple books including his first book A History of Greece to 322 B.C.E., Alexander the Great: King, Commander, and Statesman and a three-volume collection titled History of Macedonia. He attended Fettes College and Gonville and Caius College in Cambridge (N.G.L. Hammond Bio†¦). In 1954, he became headmaster at Clifton College, and in 1962 he was appointed professor of Greek at Bristol University (N.G.L. Hammond Bio†¦). He was mainly recognized for his writing of books on Alexander’s life until his retirement in 1973 (N.G.L. Hammond: Professor†¦). Hammond’s works cited page was limited to books only in English and included Vergina: the Royal Tombs and the Ancient City by M. Andronicos, Coquest and Empire: the Reign of Alexander the Great by A.B. Bosworth, Alexander the Great by R. Lane Fox, and Alexander the Great and the Greeks of Asia Minor by A.G. Heisserer. He incorporated many of the books he himself wrote, such as The Macedonian State. Many of his secondary sources came from London and Oxford. He also used ancient narratives that dated between three and five centuries after Alexander’s career (Hammond preface). Hammond used writings from Arrian, whom received his information from Ptolemy and Aristobulus. They campaigned with Alexander and were considered to be trustworthy sources according to Hammond (Hammond preface). Hammond also obtained information from Plutarch’s reports, but Plutarch relied on accounts of information from Cleitarchus, a contemporary, which were considered to be untrustworthy because his books contained many errors (Hammond preface). In his opening paragraph, Hammond used an excerpt from Marsyas Macedon’s book The Upbringing of Alexander. Macedon was a contemporary of Alexander and an eyewitness to Alexander’s taming of the horse Bucephalus. One of his sources, Coins of the Macedonians by M.J. Price, was found in a British museum from 1974, and all of his English sources were created throughout the 1900s. His book includes an appendix in the back which allows the reader to access certain points of information in the text in an efficient way. Hammond does not cite his sources within his text, nor does his book contain any footnotes. He also refrained from using full dates, leaving out B.C.E. and instead just writing dates such as â€Å"342.† The author achieved his goal of presenting the evidence that supported Alexander’s goals and exposing his success. In the beginning of the book, as stated in the preface and in the introduction of this paper, Hammond wrote that he wished to not use bias against Alexander, but instead analyze the narratives. In the book, it appeared that Hammond thought very highly of Alexander, as evident by the title of the book The Genius of Alexander the Great. According to Hammond, Alexander is a genius in the ways he built his empire and fought his battles. He often used the word ‘brilliant’ to describe Alexander’s actions, such as the â€Å"brilliant victory† against the Scythians (Hammond 146) and the way he set up his army to win the battle of the river Granicus stating it was â€Å"all brilliant† (Hammond 68). Hammond cites all his sources and provides a well written book filled with a great amount of detail and description on Alexander’s life, his battles, his teachings, what he learned, and how he overcame his biggest challenges. He plays out his text in a fashion that is understandable and interesting. He does not drone on about a certain subject, but stays right to the point. Hammond does not display his evidence in a chaotic and confusing manner, but instead exhibits the information in a consecutive way. The book begins with his childhood and ends with his death. He labels each section with a title. For example: The Campaign and the battle of Gaugamela (Hammond 103) and Coinage and culture in 336-335 (Hammond 53). There are also illustrations in the text available to the reader such as maps – map of the Alexander city at Ai Khanoum (Hammond 158), sculptures, paintings, and gold medallions. All his pictures are cited on their own citation page (Hammond xii). Hammond provides multiple examples of his text, giving great detail of the actions Alexander partook in. For example, the revolt of Thebes, The war at sea and the siege of Halicarnassus, The crossing of the Oxus, the Branchidae and the failure of Bessus (Hammond 44, 73, 140). Paul Cartledge is a fan of Alexander, which led him to compose the book Alexander the Great. He starts his book out by saying, â€Å"He [Alexander] is one of those very few genuinely iconic figures, who have both remade the world they knew and constantly inspire us to remake our own worlds, both personal and more global† (Cartledge preface). Both Hammond and Cartledge present Alexander as a legendary figure. Cartledge states that â€Å"Alexander was in various countries and at various times a hero . . . but he was most famous of all as a conqueror† (Cartledge 1). Hammond agrees with the statement that Alexander was a conqueror by depicting his many battles and many victories as ‘geniuses’. Norman F. Cantor, author of Alexander the Great: Journey to the End of the Earth, also writes Alexander to be a â€Å"great figure in the ancient world† (Cantor). Both these men believe Alexander’s conquests shaped the world in a positive manner. Like Hammond, Cantor wanted to only write a critical assessment of Alexander and his world (Cantor). To all three of these authors, Alexander deserved his title ‘Alexander the Great’ because he had â€Å"extraordinary achievements† (Cartlidge), was a â€Å"hero of antiquity [that] led an army of Macedonians and Greeks on a route through the Middle East and Central Asia† (Cantor), and had â€Å"intellectual brilliance and statesmanlike vision† (Hammond). In an article written by Brooke Allen titled â€Å"Alexander the Great – or the Terrible?†, Brooke states that â€Å"though he has gone down in history as ‘the Great,’ he might just as easily have been known as ‘the Terrible’† (Allen). Allen talks about how Alexander was known by the Europeans as â€Å"the best in the west† because he helped the spread of Hel lenic culture, but to the Asians he was â€Å"a dispenser of death and destruction† (Allen). While Hammond describes Alexander as a successful, brilliant conqueror, Allen brings insight into the dark sides of Alexander the Great. According to her, his destruction of Thebes, where he killed all the men and captured the women and children for slavery, was an â€Å"atrocity† (Allen). In Hammond’s book, when it came to the death of Alexander’s father Philip, Hammond made Alexander out to be a victim. Hammond wrote that there was more than one intended victim and that â€Å"Alexander would surely have been one† (Hammond 29). But in Allen’s article she writes â€Å"Many contemporary sources believed Alexander to have been, if not the author of the crime, at least complicit in it† (Allen). All the battles that Alexander won and the people he had to killed were classified by Hammond as great and powerful, but Allen talks about how these were crimes, such as his massacre of the Branchidae or his execution of the governor of Gaza Batis, where he tied him to a chariot and dragged him around the city’s walls until he was dead (Allen). But whether or not Alexander was a ‘great’ or a ‘terrible’ man depends on who is classifying him. To any student wanting to compose a review or essay on Alexander the Great, this is a highly recommended book. It has a copious amount of information on Alexander (i.e. his first battle, how and where he learned, his childhood, his adulthood, and his death). Alexander was not just a man who fought in battles; he was a legendary figure whose name can be found as the title of many books and articles. Although he died at the age of thirty-two (Hammond 198), he managed to do more in those thirty-two years than most people could in eighty. He is the only man to conqueror most of the known Western world and his name will continue to live on for many centuries to come. Works Cited Allen, Brook. â€Å"Alexander the Great—or the Terrible?† Hudson Review; (2005), Vol. 58 Issue 2, p220-230, 11. Cantor, Norman F. Alexander the Great: the Journey to the End of the Earth. HarperCollins Publishers, 2005. Print. Cartledge, Paul. Alexander the Great. The Overlook Press, Peter Mayer Publishers, Inc. 2004. Print. Hammond, N.G.L. The Genius of Alexander the Great. General Duckworth and Co. Ltd, 1997. Print. N.G.L. Hammond Bio. www.in.com. N.p., n.d. Web. 20 Nov 2012.

Case study of continuing professional development

Case study of continuing professional development Within this assignment I will critically reflect on my clinical knowledge to date and consider my future development needs with a focus on my final management placement and future career as a registered nurse, and using the Gibbs model (appendix 1) as a framework will reflect upon my own learning experiences and achievements to date and write an annotated reflection highlighting my development needs from which I will formulate a Personal Development Plan. This undertaking demonstrates my commitment to the need for continuing professional development in order to enhance my knowledge, skills values and attitude needed for effective nursing practice (NMC Proficiency 4.1) and will address deficits in my knowledge and skills and identify any shortcomings within my own or others practice and help me cope with practice related issues experienced within my previous placements. I have chosen Gibbs reflective model as a basis for reflection as I feel it is easily understood and encourages a cl ear description of the situation, analysis of feelings, evaluation of the experience, conclusion and reflection upon the experience to consider a solution if the situation arose again (Brooker Nicol 2003). Gibbs model is useful for less experienced staff or students as it directs you and offers an easy framework to use, which supports the introduction of reflection and the transition from student to practitioner (Pearce, 2003). It has been advocated that reflective practices are a method of bridging the gap between nursing theory and practice, and as a tool to develop knowledge embedded in practice (Chong 2009). Furthermore in reflecting on the way we deliver care we can identify weaknesses, build on strengths and develop best practice (Johns 1996). However, there are those who are sceptical of the practice and the idea of reflection in nursing is ambiguous and confused and not based on discipline related evidence based research (Gustafsson et al 2007). Some studies however, have s hown a positive response from practitioners who have attributed reflective practice to changes in their practice (Paget 2000). In consideration of these views my approach to reflection as a means of recognizing strengths and weaknesses in my learning and practice to enable me to make positive changes to my future practice will be unbiased. Therefore my reflective account will include an open and honest description of what I have gained from the experience In conclusion, my main aim is to enhance my professional development by reflecting upon past education and clinical experience using the Nursing and Midwifery proficiencies as a benchmark. Furthermore by utilizing the reflective model I will not only identify my strengths and weaknesses but also recognize potential opportunities or threats which will enable me to prepare for my future development and alert me to any threats allowing me to overcome any difficulties I may encounter. Teekman (2000), states that throughout the literature it is well emphasized that reflective practice is an effective tool to reduce or eliminate the perceived theory-practice gap. I will therefore endeavour to utilize this exercise to transform my theoretical learning into evidence based practice. By doing this I can substantiate my claim to having knowledge of evidence based care to ensure safe practice (NMC Proficiency 2.5). Reflective Self-Assessment Gibbs (1988) model begins with asking the question What happened? and asks What were you feeling. This allows me to give an account of the events that occurred, and in order to add significance to the narrative I will relay my feelings about the event directly after explanation about the incident. During the course of my placement whilst working in an acute psychiatric in-patient ward I was delegated some responsibility for particular patients by senior members of staff. In addition I was often allowed to facilitate both group and one-to-one sessions supervised by a trained member of staff. However, due to other demands within the ward environment staff were often unable to run the groups and one-to-one sessions with the patients could often be time limited. However, on one particular day I was approached by a patient for whose care I was given responsibility He appeared very agitated and complained that over the previous few days he had become frustrated by the lack of attention he was been receiving from nursing care staff the lack of information he was being given in respect of his care. He also complained that he had been informed that he would have regular access to therapeutic groups and this was not happening. This patient had show a keenness to participate fully in his care to facilitate a quick recovery and discharge from the ward I was aware that staff had been busy but felt uneasy at his distress and afraid to tell him that staff had been too busy therefore unable to run the groups. In addition I did not feel confident enough to explain his treatment plan. I was quite annoyed though that he had not been consulted or involved in this previously, therefore I consulted with his named nurse voicing my concerns and asked if she could alleviate his concerns. (NMC Proficiency 2.6) was achieved by my articulating my own emotional and psychological responses to situations with colleagues in a professional manner. By also being aware of my own limitations at the time I achieved (NMC proficiency 1.1) by expressing my concerns for this particular patient. The nurse took him into a quiet room and in my presence explained the situation to him apologising for the apparent lack of attention he had received. She assured him that the therapeutic group would be commencing later that day and allowed him to vent his feelings and concerns about his care and anxieties about his illness. She reviewed his plan of care with him taking account of his wishes and desired outcomes. On listening to how she handled the session, I felt quite inadequate afterwards thinking I should have been able to deal with the situation as I was competent at formulating care plans. Following the session I decided to approach my mentor to ask to discuss the situation and we agreed that I would take the time to read through the Integrated Care Pathway of each patient under my care and become familiar with their use by suggested I attend and participate in multi-disciplinary meetings. By recognising this I was adhering to the code of professional conduct (NMC) 2008, to consult with a colleague when appropriate and work within the limits of my competence. Moreover, I achieved (NMC Proficiency 4.1) by demonstrating a commitment to the need for continuing professional development and personal supervision activities. In addition a multi-disciplinary meeting was arranged for the patient and his father and my mentor allowed me to co-ordinate this and provide feedback on his progress in order that I gain experience in multidisciplinary working. Prior to the meeting I scrutinized his ICP to familiarise myself with his situation and plan of care to enable me to identify his needs and achieved (NMC Proficiency 2.2) by providing relevant and current health information to the patient during the meeting. Rees et al, (2004) informs us that ICPs are tools which map out the pathway of clinical events and activities for all professionals involved in a specific patient group. The ICP helped clarify my roles and responsibilities as well as improve team working and communication. This enabled me to become more informed and also provide the patient with information on his plan of care which would be carried out throughout his journey from admission to discharge In attendance at the meeting were the Consultant Psychiatrist, Named Nurse, Pharmacist, Community Psychiatric Nurse, Occupational Therapist and myself. I provided feedback on the patients progress to the Consultant Psychiatrist and other team members, and highlighted the patients concerns about his treatment demonstrating (NMC proficiency 3.2) by working collaboratively with multi-disciplinary team members to enable the delivery of effective patient care, prior to the patient and his father attending. This provided the Consultant Psychiatrist with an overview of the patients mental health and progress to date. The patient and his father were then invited to attend the meeting the patient was given the opportunity to tell the Consultant Psychiatrist how he was feeling and discuss any issues he may have. He was also given the opportunity to talk about his prescribed medication and ask questions which were answered both by the doctor and pharmacist. The pharmacist also gave some advice about his present dose of prescribed medication making suggestions to the doctor about possible changes due to a complaint by the patient that he was experiencing stiffness in his legs. Despite being aware that I had the necessary information about the patients care, on occasion during feedback to the team I looked to my mentor to reassure me that the information I was imparting was accurate. The patient was allowed to discuss his involvement in therapeutic groups he had attended and their benefits. The patients father was also given the opportunity to ask any questions and voice any concerns he may have. Discussion between me, the consultant and patient provided clearer picture of the situation I and felt more at ease having further clarified the process of his care would be while on the ward. I felt more confident and satisfied that the patient was now more at ease and satisfied with his present care and was able to meet (NMC proficiency 2.4) by updating the patients plan of care following the meeting. The next stage Evaluation Gibbs model making sense of the situation and asks What was good or bad. I was pleased to see a positive outcome which was due to inclusion of the patient in his plan of care and collaboration within the multidisciplinary team meeting which alleviate the patients concerns. I was not happy at my own lack of confidence to initially deal with the clients concerns and the fact that the patient had to complain before being fully involved in his care. Having this awareness of my own emotions and of weaknesses in my practice and consulting with the patients named nurse assures me that I am managing myself, my practice and that recognizing my own abilities and limitations (NMC Proficiency 1.1) and resolving this by taking action to improve in this area of practice. In conclusion, stage five of the Gibbs (1988) model, I feel the more experience I gain in the ward environment and more I learn about ICPs I can improve patients quality of care and collaborating with other members of the multidisciplinary team I will gain knowledge and confidence to enable me to take that step from being a student to becoming a confident registered nurse and deal complex situations such as described above. In the final stage of Gibbs reflective model the question is asked If the situation arose what would I do? I will continue to utilize reflective practice to improve on my knowledge and skills and develop my Personal Development Plan to highlight gaps in my knowledge. I will use my personal development plan within my final placement to address my weakness and build on my strengths whilst seeking opportunities for further development taking account of any threats. Personal Development Plan I have chosen two areas which I feel are relevant to my future development needs namely Quality Assurance and Multidisciplinary/Agency team working. I will now take each area of developmental need and produce a personal development plan for each. What is it? NES (2007) explains that a personal development plan is another name for a plan of action which allows you to set personal goals and identify the best way to achieve them. I feel having a plan of action plan will keep me focussed on my learning objectives and allow me to keep track of my development as I progress in my career as a mental health nurse. In doing this I will continue to meet (NMC proficiency 4.2) by being a good role model, sharing my knowledge and experience with my colleagues to enhance their professional development. How is it important? One the recent requirements by the NHS is that all staff working in the NHS should have a professional development plan to ensure that staff continue their professional development and update their knowledge and skills (Kenworthy e al, 2001). In adhering to this I will be accomplishing (NMC proficiency 4.2). Department of Health (2004) state that it should prepare the individual to meet the requirements of their post, including the future interests of both the organization and the individual maintaining a balance between them to enable progression. This will be important when I am a registered nurse and there will be commitment to meet the requirements of my role. What are my objectives? Although both long and short term goals will be reviewed as your life moves forward, they guide you in making day-to-day more effectively (Ellis Hartlet, 2004). Furthermore, it is important to keep goals flexible and be willing to consider alternative goals and a variety of pathways to one goal. Short-Term Goals By setting my short-term goals in two development areas I will enhance my knowledge of both Integrated Care Pathways and Multidisciplinary/Agency working and be more proactive in taking responsibility for specific leadership roles within the multidisciplinary team, as well as initiating individual Integrated Care Pathways. Consequently, in taking a leadership role, I will have accomplished (NMC proficiency 3.3) by delegating duties within the level of my responsibilities and taking responsibility for managing patient Integrated Care Pathways. More specifically I will identify my short-term objectives within the 2 areas: Integrated Care Pathways -By the end of my management placement I will have a better understanding of Integrated Care Pathways. I will have completed an ICP document for a specific patient, which will enable me to guide the patient through the nursing process from assessment to discharge competently and confidently. Lastly, I will have learned the concept of variances used to measure the quality of patient care. Multidisciplinary/Agency working within my management placement, I will have acquired good knowledge of multidisciplinary/Agency working and be able to competently participate in multi-disciplinary meetings. I will be competent in facilitating multidisciplinary team meetings and have the ability to effectively communicate with members of the multi-disciplinary team. Finally I will have knowledge of any barriers to multi-disciplinary working. Medium and Long-term Goals I will meet both Medium Term and Long Term Goals by procuring employment within a nursing profession (preferably with the National Health Service), and once accomplished my aims will be to develop my practice from a novice practitioner and become an accomplished expert knowledgeable practitioner fulfilling the requirements of my job profile within the Knowledge and Skills Framework. By participating in continuous professional development, achieved by setting objectives within my Personal Development Plan I will have met all (NMC proficiencies) as I will have attained my NMC registration. How am I going to meet my objectives and why? Objectives are short-term, direct and rapidly testable (Kerry, 2002). In practice, objectives must be specific and often state the new ability that the learner is seeking to acquire for instance, new knowledge, a practical skill or an attitude. My short-term objectives are to address my weaknesses within both my development areas and this can be achieved by setting these as a priority and focussing on these within my next practice placement. In order for me to meet my objectives within my personal development plan I will arrange regular review with my mentor to gain feedback from supervision and to review my learning contract to see how I am progressing. Integrated Care Pathways Through self-directed study and utilising all resources within the ward I hope to enhance my knowledge on integrated care pathways and how it is implemented within the ward setting to improve quality of care for patients. Scottish Executive (2003) highlights that under the new mental health act any treatment given to patients should include meaningful involvement by the patient and carers. Furthermore by being involved in all aspects of the nursing process from assessment to discharge I aim to be more involved in the patients journey through the integrated care pathway and empower the patient to participate throughout their journey on the ward. A well as this, by having responsibility for my own case load I will be able to improve my confidence and be more assertive in making clinical judgements and my decision making skills. I will continue to ensure that my practice is evidence based by continually updated my theoretical knowledge by self-study utilizing relevant academic literatur e. Multi-disciplinary/Agency Working My aim is to improve my collaborative working skills by interacting with other members of the team and identifying what skills each member brings to the team to meet the patients needs. Beer, et al (2008) states that multi-disciplinary teams can be effective if there is good communication between themselves and other teams and shared goals. I aim to participate in multi-disciplinary team meetings and give feedback on my patients progress to enable me improve my communication skills, and also participate in joint working with all members of the team on the ward on a daily basis to enable me to become more assertive and a productive team member. It will be important to ensure that the patient is also involved in decisions that affect them. In addition to joint consultation between the multidisciplinary team I am aware of the importance in involvement of the patient in their care for example, by involving them in the process of single shared assessment and care planning. Claire Cox (20 03) highlight the importance of those providing services to explore the experiences, preferences and opinions of service users when assessing their health and social care needs. Finally, Regular consultation with my mentor will assist me in identifying my strengths and areas which he/she may feel I need to develop in with regards to collaborative working. My Future Development Needs Area of development for Integrated Care Pathways The purpose of Integrated Care Pathways has been defined in various ways within the literature. Quality Improvement Scotland (2007) highlights the quality assurance aspect indicating that ICP standards will support service improvements in relation to the process of care and outcomes for individuals. It also specifies the patients anticipated clinical care pathway and co-ordinates necessary tasks in management of patient care (Chew et al 2007). No matter how it is defined, the outcome for the patient is to improve their quality care through managing the process of care appropriately. The purpose of Integrated Care Pathways has been defined in different ways within the literature. Caring for patients is an essential part of the nurses work, and the quality of the care can be dependent on how far the nurse has come, in his/her professional development (Gustafsson, 2004). My experience of Integrated Care Pathways during my training has been limited; therefore I require improving my knowledge and skills in undertaking and documenting a comprehensive, systematic and accurate nursing assessment of physical, psychological, social and spiritual needs of patients. This will entail further enhancing my knowledge within the requirements of (NMC proficiency 2.3) as part of my development needs. ICPs have not been implemented within any of my placements in the community or long term ward settings. However, an Integrated Pathway for admission and discharge has been employed within an acute ward setting where I was placed. This has been implemented to standardize practice acros s every psychiatric admission ward within Lanarkshire (Kent Chalmers 2006), and to facilitate better co-ordination of discharge planning and facilitate continuity of treatment in the community (NHS Lanarkshire 2007). Quality Improvement Scotland (2007) highlights the quality assurance aspect indicating that ICP standards will support service improvements in relation to the process or care and outcomes for individuals. Area of development for Multi-Disciplinary Working Multidisciplinary working is the cornerstone of caring for patients within both a community and hospital setting. I have observed multi-professional collaboration and this seemed a very effective way of providing the best treatment available for patients. Cook et al (2001) identified from several studies that team working enhanced communication channels between different professionals resulting in better co-ordination of care, more timely access to services, and the provision of a more holistic approach to care. This was my experience when I was involved in the Multi-disciplinary meeting within the acute admission ward. Decision making within the team was enhanced by involvement of the nursing, medical, pharmacist, client and carer which resulted in a more holistic approach to the patients care thus improving the quality of care provided. This enabled me to accomplish (NMC proficiency 2.8) by demonstrating that by effective collaboration with the multidisciplinary team I was able to adapt the patients nursing care plan to meet his individual need. However, I am aware that I have had limited experience of working autonomously within the multidisciplinary team and intend to take the opportunity as a management student with delegated responsibility to enhance my knowledge and experience of joint working. In particular I will ensure that I take a lead role in multidisciplinary review meetings as a named nurse. However, I will ensure that I have adequate supervision from my mentor and other senior nursing staff to enable me to perform the role to the level of my responsibilities. Evaluation Weaver (2008) states that SWOT is an effective tool for reflection of a persons values, interests, priorities and effectiveness of their practice by means of self-evaluation. It has also been identified as an effective way of recognizing an individuals strengths and weaknesses, and examining the opportunities and threats that a person encounters (Pearce 2007). This therefore is an effective tool to evaluate a Personal Development Plan. Makinson (2001) highlights that by preparing a personal SWOT it helps to identify and analyse the current situation, the relevant features, circumstances and resources applicable to a personal development plan Amar (2003) suggests that the outcomes of learning and the process of learning can be evaluated by identifying learning needs using questionnaires, clinical audit, and patient satisfaction questionnaires. Rucker (2003) stresses the importance of timely feedback as a requisite for effective professional development. For both development areas namely Integrated Care Pathways and Multidisciplinary working I will utilize feedback from my mentor within the ward. However (Mumford 1998) highlights that although a mentor can enhance the acquisition of knowledge this will be dependent on their own level of knowledge. I will therefore supplement this by utilizing the knowledge base of other members of staff I encounter within my next placement area achieving (NMC proficiency 4.1 and 4.2) by sharing my knowledge and experience and identifying any deficiencies in my practice and seeking guidance on this. This would be achieved by ensuring that my NMC learning objectives were achieved and by ensu ring that my mentor was aware of the Personal Developed Plan in (Appendix 3). I will also utilize verbal feedback from the patient as I would be limited in respect of using questionnaires due my student status, time limitations and possible ethical issues. However, in the long term I would hope to utilize this method as a qualified practitioner to ensure that I was achieving my objectives with regard to the quality of patient care. I will also continue to utilize self-reflection as a means of improving my practice ensuring that I continue to set continuous achievable goals using the SMART framework. Annotation List 4.1 By the development of a personal development plan I identified weaknesses in my practice and demonstrated a commitment to the need for continuing professional development. 2.5 By linking theory to practice and reflecting on my own practice has enabled me develop my skills and evidence base to ensure I carry out safe practice with my patients. 2.6 Consulting with the patients named nurse about my concerns demonstrated that I identified and articulated my own emotional and psychological responses to situations with colleagues in a professional manner. Recognising my own abilities and limitations by carrying out practice in accordance with the code of professional conduct and consulting with a registered nurse when I felt the patient was not receiving the best quality of care. 2.2 By scrutinizing the patients ICP I was able to promote his health and well being throughout the meeting. 2.4 By updating the patients plan of care accordingly I had established priorities of care in partnership with the patient within the framework of informed consent. 3.2 demonstrated knowledge of effective inter-professional working by participation in the multi-disciplinary meeting presenting feedback on the patients health status. 4.2 By sharing my knowledge and skills with my colleagues and utilising my personal development plan to contribute to a climate conducive to learning. 3.3 By taking on a leadership role within my management placement, having responsibility for my own case load, I will be able to delegate duties to others, as appropriate, ensuring they are supervised and monitored. 2.3 By utilising the ICPs within the acute setting I was placed I was able to identify the physical, psychological, social and spiritual needs of the patient, document clinical data and take appropriate action. 2.8 By participating in the multi-disciplinary meeting I demonstrated sound clinical judgement and was able to adapt nursing care to meet the patients individual needs.