Summative Assessments

Summative assessments argon used by educators to assess transaction of students at the end of an instructional unit or at the end of a course. Results of summative assessments are used for reproduce purposes: assigning grades, promoting students, determining to which degree objectives have been mastered, and more recently, evaluating the toughened point of instruction and certifying schools (Miller, Linn & Gronlund, 2009). There are several instruments that are effective for summative create verbally assessments: portfolios, three-fold resource tests, and holistic written material. In fact, the Council on College Composition and Communication raises in Writing judgement: A Position Statement (National of Teachers of English, 2006) that multiple measures of assessment should be used to ensure that a strain of skills in several(a) contexts are represented, thus reflecting a realistic visualise of students ability. legion(predicate) situates, including Virgin ia, use both holistic and multiple choice writing assessments to measure student writing achievement. Other states such as tonic York use portfolios, especially in primary grades.

Valencia (1990) and Wiggins (1989) state that portfolio assessments have multiple benefits which include focused student raising goals, opportunities for reflection, and accommodations for multiple learning styles (Supovitz, Macgowan & Slattery, 1997). Moreover, Miller and Legg (1993) state that portfolios present a picture of students progress and provide evidence of their abilities (Supovitz, Macgowan & Slattery, 1997). Portfol ios usefulness extends beyond the classroom.! Portfolios are often used for college admission and line of reasoning job (Miller, Linn & Gronlund, 2009). These performance-based assessments provide samples of students work and can be taken from assignments. However, the interrater reliability of portfolios has been questioned. The Rochester City School District, an urban district in Rochester, raw(a) York, made portfolios mandatory in 1987 to address...If you want to get a full essay, order it on our website: OrderCustomPaper.com

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