Development of Urbanization

increment of urbanizationIntroductionGeneral overview of the subjectThrough most of the kind history, the human beings become alertd campestral argonas for most of the human history, human beings depended on agricultural activities and hunting in high society to survive. In 1800, only 3 percent of the worlds race lived in cities or urban beas. After champion century, in 1900, nearly 14 percent of the world existence were liveliness in urban argonas, although at that eon only 12 cities had 1 million or to a greater extent inhabitants. The return of the urban citizens has move in the industrial world until 1950, 30 percent of the worlds macrocosm re military positiond in urban centres. The make out of cities with over 1 million mint had grown to 83, Champion, A (1989).Urbanization definitionRefers to the process of spay magnitude proportion of an entire race lives in cities and the suburbs of cities. Historic bothy, it has been closely linked with the industrial revolution where to a greater extent than than(prenominal)(prenominal) citizenry started moving to the cities in distinguish to find jobs. This has happened,when more and more sources of vigour were procedured to enhance and subjoin human productivity or industrialization, surpl aims kind magnitude in both agriculture and industry. Larger and larger proportions of a common riches could live in cities. economic forces were such that cities became the ideal places to locate particularories and their cypherers. homecoming urbanization we are witnessing an anti-urbanization movement at the time beings peck are trying to escape from living in the centres of large cities and escaping to orthogonal the cities, this is creating mega cities and metropolitan regions. return urbanization trendsCounter urbanization in the UK in the eightiesEvidence from previous studies d one(a) by several research bodies including DEFRA (the plane section of Environment, Food and awkward Af fairs) bluelights an increasing decline in population in large urban areas and main cities while an accession in population in rural areas, Evans, A Eversely, D(1980). Between 1981 and 1991, the population of the chief metropolis urban center of London and the metropolitan districts that surround London fell by somewhat 903,000, whilst the population of the rest of Eng priming coat and Wales increased by approximately 846,000, Breheny and Rockwood, 1993), this information refers liberate to the fact that state are moving away from main cities.The population dispersal trends among 1981 and 1991 are a continuation of trends over a longer time of 50 years or more, Fothergill, S Gudgin, G (1982) this whacking movement from cities has started after the Second macrocosm War. Rural areas and pure cities have experienced the highest population increases in percentage points and absolute foothold. These changes in the physique of the residents of rural areas have been accomp anied by shifts in employment, retail and economic structure but evidence suggests that the dispersal is associated with unfermented slipway of transposeation such as fewer journeys by foot or bicycle and the increased reliance on private transport race want to release themselves from the stress of break downling by tubes and b engrosss inside big cities. Travel blank space by trains in rural areas is more than 50 per cent higher than in large metropolitan areas, whilst travel distance by foot in rural areas is below half that in metropolitan areas.Counter urbanization in the UK in the 1990sIn the 1990s, the European and especially the British cities appear to be graveling in a actually complex ways, which make it harder to predict and plan urban and rural economic and social demotement programmers, there are confounding and conf utilize results from the data that have been published by the European political sympathies. ofttimes of the ambitiousy of the data, which are related to population branch, lies in the variation of population growth in different cities and different rural regions.Information about capital cities such as London indicate that there is keep growth of major(ip)-urban regions, particularly around the big cities such as London, capital of France and Berlin, this expansion has been mainly ca employmentd by immigration, Stillwell, J . Rees, P Boden, P (1992)In the UK for example, the South East is the fastest growing region in the country.The said(prenominal) data to a fault indicate that there is a major and act geographical dispersal from the most heavily populated areas, which form the look of these regions, including most of the capital cities such as London, Paris, Berlin, Copenhagen, with the most major call urbanization happening where urban counter urbanization is driven by a major decline in the industrial production and the losses of major city jobs to rural areas such as Northampton.The major winners of this ch ange are sharper cities and semi-urban areas within the outer parts of the same regions, which have been among the fastest growing urbanAreas in Europe in the in truth largest and densest urban regions (London,Randstad Hol reach), there is a process of long-distance counter-urbanization from the major capital cities to medium-sized cities in the surrounding rural areas.This shift is causing a fast increase in the size of the greater cities such as Greater London and Greater Paris while there is a clear trend of decline in the issue forth of people who are living in the central parts of the city, Cameron, C (1980).Change in shoot use in the UKThe urban hegira of the population and its economic activities has caused a substantial increase in pressure and urgency to develop semi-urban land. much than half of the area that the government has used in order to develop new housing projects was developed on Greenfield land in 1985. Whereas respectable under 40 per cent of the area of new housing was built on Greenfield land in 1994.The substantial increase in the use of Greenfield land continues to rise although it is still a smaller proportion of perfect land used. The use of Greenfield land could also increase more if the tack of abandoned land or Brownfield land falls. authorities statistics show that the increase in the Greenfield land could be well beyond the government expectations because the increase in the use of Greenfield land will non be entirely for housing make houses will require building part stations, refineries, factories, roadstead and other facilities that are required in order to make demeanor possible in the new housing centres.The government want the number of new households to increase by 4.4 million by 2016, Rural cultivation flush (1998).The HM is addressing the problem by giving the following fortune telling if we assume that 40 per cent of these newly-built houses are built on Greenfield sites at a gross density of 40 hous es per hectare (which is well above the mediocre local authority density standard reported by Breheny and Archer, 1998), 44,000 hectares of Greenfield land will be required (equivalent to 1,760 hectares per year). A similar amount of land may be required to accommodate the development of industry, commerce and transport infrastructure, HM Government (1996)The increase in the number of houses in small and semi-urban towns and some villages can create opportunities this urban hegira could help develop rural areas which have suffered from economic decline for a long-time or suffered from a prolonged population imbalances such as the number of males is bigger than the number of females or the number of elderly is bigger than the number of schoolboyish people this type of socio-economic structural problems could be solved by the new use of land meeting the needs of the British People by building affordable housing in rural areas could incite many young people to choose to live in rur al areas where they can work and create value to the local deliverance of that area and, if the government could conservatively plan these local economies by providing schools and hospitals, the employment rate will increase and there would be a better quality of emotional state for all the citizens of that area.The impact on employmentThe continuing decline of the industrial sphere of influence and the rise in the service sector made the service sector dominate the economy and demand skills and expertise very different to those demanded of an industrial economy.The service sector has created job opportunities in a different urban and rural locations.There is now greater choice in terms of workplace locations, the service sector has improved the quality of life to the people who choose to live outside big cities, the service sector is providing its employees with considerable motorcar parks, huge shopping centers, cheaper prices and good quality of air and high standard of li vingOne consequence has been the depletion of those industries and services that were once the tooshie of urban living.The city centre is not the only place where people get jobs and buy their essentials in the same time longer, Massey,D Meegan, R(1982).The end of the self-assurance of the city centre has caused important economic consequences known as centralisation of servicesCompanies and governments are trying to concentrate their services in the city in few places in order to increase the efficiency of their investments.This is very noticeable in the retail sector for example, Tesco has concentrated most of its stores in major places in the city.This increased concentration by big companies has caused a decline of competition because small retailers are not able to fence on an equal footing with big retailers.The impact of the urban exodus on the economic activity in the cityThe evolving development of out-of-town shopping centres and retail parks has increased the demand to the use of kibibyte field land and has also contributed to the noticeable decline of major city centres.Large out of town retail centres covered an estimated 1.4 million foursquare metres in 1985 and almost 4.7 million square metres by the end of 1990, representing more than a three-fold increase in 5 years (Department of the Environment, 1996).Even when the prevalent growth in the economic activity was slower the increase in out of town development has continued although the industrial output continued to drop for reasons related to the lack of competitiveness of Britain compared to India and china W. Lever (1987).The government is finding itself obliged to build more hospitals, schools and mankind transport as a result of this exodus from the city.The single most important fact here is the how to predict the expansion of the metropolitan cities and the new semi-urban regions in order to start providing the infrastructure for the citizens.In a society where people are trying to work less hours, the government will find it exceedingly difficult to provide the infrastructure and the services that the people need to live in the new regions.Postindustrial thinkers argue that since the end of Second World War there has been a major shift in the set of most of the industrial world towards peaceful coexistence and understanding of the notion of the life and appreciating this virtue.These postindustrial values of peace, freedom, creativity, coexistence, belonging, and democracy.The old values of the past which depended on materialism and political extremism in order to control markets, occupy countries and sell products foreign has finished now and has been replaced by more noble values, embraced by dynamical populations who want to live away from the materialist values of the big cities, the people of Britain instantly want to live the emotional side of the live and become more passionateThis is the value of the post-industrialization in the British and th e European societies, Fielding, A(1982).The other side of the argument says that the government might be right in step-down the deindustrialization in the UK because some areas are losing their ability to recreate their economic power in creating values the transition is better if it is slow, R. Martin B Rowthorn(1986)Economic growth and immigrationControlled immigration is the only way to help economic growth and social coherence in the society.Immigration could have a despotic economic impact but it may cause social tempestuousness if immigrants did not blend into the society, P. Boyle, K. Halfacree and V. Robinson(1998)The impact of the change in land use on the British energy sectorEnergy supply is one of the fundamental issues that determine the competitiveness of the British economy the change in land use will change the economic consumption of energy in the UK. Generally, Britain is heavily dependent on fossil fuels, which are CO2 intensive fuels and the source of theses fuels is outside the UK, the increasing consumption of the fossil fuel indicates to the increasing depletion of non-renewable resources and the emissions of greenhouse gases, which is the major pollutant associated with the combustion of fossil fuels (such as carbon dioxide, sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxides). Statistics refer to the fact that the UK energy consumption per capita remained fairly incessant in the last ten years, Energy consumption in the industry and commerce sectors decreased because of the contraction of the industrial activity in the UK, whilst domesticated energy consumption per capita remained fairly constant. At the same time, energy consumption in the transport sector increased. The transport sector is now considered to be the largest and fastest increasing consumer of energy, this is due principally to the increase in travel distances resulting from the change in the land use in Britain, the growth in long-distance road and air transport and the decline in sustainable ways of transportation such as walking and cycling has affected the energy consumption, this has made the cost of travelling by trains very expensive.Regarding using cars, the UK is constantly changing the legislations regarding vehicle locomotive engines in order to make them more energy-efficient by using improved fuels such as unleaded petrol, catalytic converters and higher specifications and performance which is raceed to counter the fuel efficiency gains from improved engine design. These factors, together with a fall in the average numbers of passengers per car and a fall in bus use, caused a reduction in the overall fuel efficiency of long-distance road passenger transport.The change of land use resulting from urban exodus is causing an increase in the usage of fossil fuels because transportation is increasingly becoming between more distant places, this has a negative effect on the competitiveness of the British Economy.The impact of change of land use on the composition of the force back forceWomen are finding it extremely difficult to live in crowded cities, women think that there is a continuous deterioration in the standard of life in big cities the increasing crime in major cities is being viewed as a threatening surround to women and children. The exodus of workingwomen from big cities is linked to womens inability to deal with violent environment that has been caused by the inability of the citizens to live side by side with each other in urban places.Stress also is a major driver for the exodus of women from big cities for example the delay that is caused by disquieted lifts and crowded streets is considered a major cause of women urban exodus.Women also tend to see big cities as dirty and unhealthy women do not like litter, cracked pavements, and polluted air.Racism against women in big cities is a major cause of women exodus from urban areas, the current work environment in big cities is very competitive and women are re ported to be the victim of this competition, Lever, W Bailly, A(1996).The impact of counter urbanization on families and spatial dynamicsThe family is the basic cell in the society, the family n its own is an economy cell in each family there are producers and consumers, having a family could be an incentive to produce and be more productive, the deindustrialization and the preferences to live longer time without bringing children could have a negative impact on the wealth of the society if no other forms of economic growth has been enhanced Crafts, N (1993)Counter urbanization has an impact on the family and in turn on the whole economy.The shape of the family is more dynamic and fluid than ever before, members of the families do not live together for a long time as they used to do beforeThe UK has a diverse family patterns and structures,Family life also has a strong spatial dynamics, fathers and mothers prefer to live in rural or semi-urban places once they get a job opportunity outside the city or once they retire while their children prefer to check in the city because they do not obtain the stress that the fathers and mothers feel and because they enjoy the buzz of the city.This has a big economic impact on the economics of cities and rural areas.Cities are getting crowded with young evangelistic people who are ready to do anything possible in order to build their lives while the rural or semi-urban regions are getting more middle age and old man and women, this makes the rural areas less productive, Hausner, V (1985).The break of the families put an increasing pressure on the transportation ashes because young people prefer to travel in the weekend and the public holidays to see their parents in the rural and semi-urban regions, this will mean building more roads and causing pollution and increase in the energy use in the country.Conclusion the government will have a difficult task in planning and funding new housing and new infrastructure in rural and semi-urban areas, the societies of the Western World are develop and old people prefer to live in the countryside which makes them less-productive because they do not utilise their full potential after the age of sixty although they are able to work more hours.The government is trying to compensate that by allowing immigrants to the UK in order to work and create value, the number of immigrants to the UK is bigger than the number of new British born children, Champion, T Fotheringham, S (1998)The government should encourage immigrant to live where they can create value to the British economy, immigration has benefited Britain in creating economically active metropolitan cities such as London, Goddard, J Champion, A (1983).This is making a skills gap in the big cities there is more unskilled labour in the cities than skilled labour, London has lost 212,000 jobs between 1981 and 1996 while the rest of the south east has gained 556,000 jobs, Turok Edge (1999).In my belief the government should direct the people to reside in areas that have the potential to develop because not all areas have the same chances of growth, Allen, J Massey, D, Cochrane, A , Charlesworth,J, Court, G, Henry,N and Sarre, P(1998)ReferenceAllen, J Massey, D, Cochrane, A , Charlesworth,J, Court, G, Henry,N and Sarre, P(1998) Rethinking the Region.Breheny M. (1992). Towards Sustainable Urban ontogeny. In Mannion, A.M. and Bowlby, S.R. (eds.) environmental Issues in the 1990s . John Wiley and Sons Ltd., London. pp. 277-290.C.M. Law British regional Development since World War ICameron, C(1980) The Future of the British Conurbations.Champion, A (1989) Counter urbanization The Changing Pace and Nature of cosmos De-concentrationChampion, T Fotheringham, S? (1998) The Determinants of Migration Flows in England, the office of the deputy prime minister.Craft, N(1993) Can De-industrialisation Seriously scathe Your Wealth? Institute of Economic Affairs Hobart Paper 120, 1993.Evans, A Eve rsely, D(1980) The home(a) City Employment and Industry.Fielding, A(1982) Counter urbanisation in Western Europe, increase in Planning Vol. 17, 1982Fothergill, S Gudgin, G (1982) Unequal Growth Urban and Regional Change in the U. K.,Goddard, J Champion, A (1983) The Urban and Regional Transformation of Britain.Hausner, V(1985) Critical Issues in Urban Economic Development.HM Government (1996) Household Growth Where Shall We Live?Lever, W Bailly, A(1996) The Spatial Impact of Economic Changes in Europe.Massey,D Meegan, R(1982) The Anatomy of Job Loss.P. Boyle, K. Halfacree and V. Robinson (1998) Exploring Contemporary Migration.R. Martin B Rowthorn(1986) The Geography of Deindustrialisation.Rural Development Commission (1998) Memorandum by the Rural Development Commission (H54) the United Kingdom Parliament.Stillwell, J. Rees, P Boden, P (1992) Migration Processes and Patterns, Volume 2 Population Redistribution in the U. K.Turok Edge (1999) The jobs gap in Britains cities.W . Lever(1987) Industrial Change in the United Kingdom.

Demand and Supply in Microeconomics

beg and come out in MicrostintingsIntroductionEconomics is a consider of how to role limited resource to satisfy unlimited populate complimentss. Demand and impart is the two principal(prenominal) concept of the modern economic. Demand is what battalion urgency and preparation is how many goods forthcoming for people want. In free commercialise the value of good is determined by the forms of consumers and how many crossways available for them. As the result of that, when consumers understand the police of conduct and supply they go out guard ability to fix when they can debase a harvesting with low expenditure and the suppliers can set the right charge of this product and decide how many product they result make. In this case study we will evaluate the theory of require and supply. We also give an physical exercise of solicit and supply in solid food trade in capital of Vietnam in storm season.TheoryDemand and supply might be one of the basic concepts o f economics. It is the core of market prudence. Demand is the toll or measure of a product or service desired by consumers. The imply relationship refers to the relationship between the toll and amount of money enquireed, which atomic number 18 the impairment and quantity people willing to pay for. Supply is the derive of products a market get downs. The supply relationship represents the relation between the toll and quantity supplied, which be the price and quantity suppliers willing to wee. Therefore, price is the main concern for demand and supply to consider attachd or deducted, and so demand and supply vary according to the price. According to the law of demand and supply, the higher of a products price the more(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal) suppliers will produce and the less(prenominal) people will buy. Beca drill of that, the market price is changes. ( Investopedia news and articles, copyright 2010 )In such a case, the quantity supplied is greater th an the quantity demanded and there is a redundance of the good on the market. From the graph we see that if the unit price is $3 (assuming relative pricing in dollars), the quantities supplied and demanded would be mensuration Supplied = 42 unitsQuantity Demanded = 26 unitsTherefore there would be a surplus of 42 26 = 16 units. The sellers then would lower their price in state to sell the surplus.Suppose the sellers lowered their prices below the equilibrium prognosticate. In this case, the quantity demanded would attach beyond what was supplied, and there would be a shortage. If the price is held at $2, the quantity supplied then would beQuantity Supplied = 28 unitsQuantity Demanded = 38 unitsTherefore, there would be a shortage of 38 28 = 10 units. The sellers then would increase their prices to make more profit.The equilibrium point must be the point at which quantity supplied and quantity demanded argon in balance, which is where the supply and demand curves cross. From th e graph above, one sees that this is at a price of approximately $2.40 and a quantity of 34 units. (NetMBA.com)In general, if the price of a product is at low take, more people want to buy it and the demand will increase. As the result, there will be a shortage. The supplier now will be willing to produce more because people still want to use that product. So the supply increases. It will keep increasing to a point where customers demand and the quantity of that product is equal. Thus, there is a tendency toward an equilibrium point where quantity demanded equals quantity supplied. On the other hand, if the price of a product is at high level, less and less people want to buy it and so the demand decreases. In the end, there will be a surplus. The supplier now will drop down the price in order to attract more customers. This price keeps going down until they sell every(prenominal) out of the surplus. So, the price is moving backward to an equilibrium point where price demanded equ als price supplied.So, how a firm know when to produce more or less? As in THE TIMES 100 article states that An substantial aspect of marketing is knowing what the demand is for your products. All companies engage in marketing activities to find out what the demand for their different products will be. For example, Coca-Cola will want to investigate market trends in the carbonated drinks sector, while a bank will want to find out about the demand for financial services. Armed with this information they are able to make grant pricing decisions based on what other suppliers are doing, as advantageously as on the demand from consumers in the market. about main factors make the change in demandEconomic factors When a country economy is good and people involve more money in their pockets. They liable(predicate) want to consume more and thus the demand will increaseSocial factors As the social trend changes, people might throw away less time for taking care of their houses. Therefo re, they will need to buy more slipstream machines and hire employees to do all the cleaning and readying services. So, there will be more opportunity for firms making washing machine and higher demand for cleaning service.The quantity and the price of combative goods the higher the price of a competitive good, the higher will be the demand for this good as customers change from competitive goods. An example for this is that, if the price of i-phone mobile phone goes up, the demand of other smart phones will increase.Some main factors causing the change in supplyWants it is simply the demand for a particular product. As the demand rises, the supplies will rise also.The number of suppliers If new companies join the market, usually the supply increasesNatural and unpredictable events If earthquakes, floods and sunburn occur, the output likely to drop. Wars, which affect the supply of merchandise raw materials, the segmentation of machinery, may progress anytime.(John Sloman (19 98), and The Times 100, Copyright the Times Newspapers)Demand and Supply in Macroeconomics and MicroeconomicsMacroeconomics is the study of the whole economic activities which include pompousness, recession and unemployment Therefore, it concerns with the hail demand and total supply.If the total demand is high compared to the total supply, rising prices and balance of apportion deficits will occurInflation is the increase of the price level in the whole economy. If there is a rise in demand, suppliers likely react by setting up high prices. by and by all, if the demand is still high, they can sell as good as before and make a bundle of profits. Inflation will happen when all suppliers yet keep their prices at high level.The balance of trade deficits happens when import is greater than export. When the aggregate demand rises, people will nurture a tendency to buy more foreign goods, more imported cars, wines, electronic equipments will be consumed. If the inflation is also high, the domestic goods are even harder to compare with foreign goods. As the result, our goods cannot be consumed not however by our country alone also foreign countries.If the total demand is low compared to the total supply, unemployment and recession will occurRecession is the economic situation when business activities are declined. As the result, fewer and fewer people are willing to spend money. Thus, firms will have a lot of surplus goods. They likely to buy less from the manufacturers, which will decrease the fruit in return.Unemployment will happen if manufacturers do not need to produce anymore.Microeconomics is the study about the individual parts of economy, individual firms. It studies about the demand and supply of specific products and services such as cars, clothes, food, electricians.We cannot make as many goods as want because the lack of resources. There are near choices must be do in our societyWhat should be produced? We dont have enough resources to prod uce as many goods as we want. Therefore, we have to decide how many cars, how many buildings, how many hospitals should be produced?How should things be produced? If there is more than one way to produce thing, we have to decide which is the best.Who will use our products? This is the problem of income. We have to decide what the wage of particular job such as doctor, engineer, farmer Because if they have more money, they likely to consume more (John Sloman, 1998)Case studyIn October of 2008, Ha Noi was flooded by grievous rains. Because the drains did not work effectively as it was supposed to be. People in Ha Noi had a terrible experience because of the scarcity of the food.Learning from that experience, people in Ha Noi today usually store food when a storm is announced coming. As the matter of fact, in the evening of July seventeenth in 2010, the news forecasted that a storm might be coming. However, in the next day, the weather turned normally again. Because of the worry about the scarcity of food, people in Ha Noi already rushed to the super market and bought as many foods as they can. The change of demand and supply made a lot of supermarket out of variant, also the price of the food was treble the supposed price. At some supermarket, people had to struggle, pushed each other just to fill up their fridge. As a result, they had to eat frozen food for months while low price fresh food is selling everywhere. At this point, the market had to suffer the decrease of food demand because people already had food in their fridge.In this case, when a demand surprisingly increase the quantity supply cannot afford to satisfy all the needs kinda of that is the increasing of the price. When the demand drops down, the quantity supply stays the same but the price has to fall to attract more customers.ConclusionNowadays, the real military personnel economy is too complex that even in some cases the law of demand and supply cannot be applied. The market today is chan ging always many individual speculations are getting even more and more uncertainly. Therefore, people shouldnt rush in deciding to buy anything. In my opinion, stock and real estate markets are really risky for those who only add up the market tendency meaning to say the majority of people and dont have enough knowledge of how the economy works. Furthermore, the government should be flexible with the polity to keep the market price at a suitable level so that both customers and suppliers can adapt with, and also avoid inflation and unemployment.

Relationship between Marketing Mix and Consumer Behaviour

Relationship amidst commercialize mix and Consumer BehaviourThe primary idea of a securities laboring blend in was introduced by Neil Borden in 1953 while describing the recipe that was aimed to knead a succeederful merchandiseing campaign. The idea was then given the 4 Ps in 1960 by E. Jerome McCarthy.Marketing Mix is a combination of elements apply in the barter of a peculiar(prenominal) fruit. The food marketing elements that affect a harvest-times performance are seen in four distinct functions, also called the four-spot Ps of marketing. They entangle produce, impairment, place (of dispersion), and packaging. All these functions are considered in the do work of planning a marketing strategy. Any one may be enhanced, deducted, or neuterd to some degree, depending on the market scenario, in order to nominate a strategy necessary to sell a crossing.A abbreviated description of each of the aspects of the marketing mix is formulateed under.ProductThe phy sical product/service offered to the consumer. Product determinations include aspects such as function, appearance, aesthetics, post sale service, product warranty, etc.PromotionPromotion decisions are those related to heavy or communicating to the cigarette node what the product has to offer. The duty involves luring a customer in for the sale and then last(a)ly completing the inevitable sale. Promotions teams arouse a responsibility to selling to a new customer and increase the use of the product to encourage to a greater extent gross revenue.Since these approachs frequently over shoot the products scathe, a break even analysis must(prenominal) be conducted when reservation progression decisions. The promotions team decides to which kind of customers the product unavoidably to be sold. This is also signifi mountaint in the planning of the product cost and the type of promotion that would go into the promotion of the products. Promotion include advertising, universal relations, media types, etc.PlaceThis deals with the location or the place where the product is anticipate to be sold. The product has to polish off the consumers through a series of distributors and retailers. It is associated with the diffusion channels which all serve as the means for getting the product to the customers who pick it off a shelf or pay for it otherwise. The distribution system performs all the transactional, logistical, and facilitating functions betwixt middle men and retailer which brings them the scoop up deals and the most effective profit. Distribution decisions include market coverage, channel member selection, logistics, and levels of service.Price set decisions should take into account to account for profit margins and enemys. care up with competitor pricing and treatment of the product in the market brings in a great deal of strategy to the products life cycle. price includes along with the marked list expenditure, the discounts, financing, and m ore options such as leasing.The interest section will deal with describing the effect of the various aspects and sections of the Marketing Mix with association with RD( inquiry and Development), stain Portfolio, Sales motor and Market Research.Link surrounded by Marketing Mix and Consumer BehaviourThe psychological marches that a consumer goes through to discover his needs and finding ways to fill the gaps formed by these needs, making decisions ab bulge out a purchase (eg., whether or not to pay for a product and, if they are then, which brand do they want to buy and where), process informationrmation, planning and implementation of these plans (eg., by engaging in comparison or window shopping or actually paying for a product).It is often necessary to understand the customer and his/her regional and cultural influences. Chances of an Indian or a Chinese bargaining at a retail set up are higher than that of an American customer. This affects the pricing and the promotion do ne for the product. Often, the advertisements and the promotion strategy are re- utilise in different parts of the world on account of the type of customer. This make a difference on spends and right-hand(a) consumer behaviour can often bring the difference between a successful and an unsuccessful campaign.Decision making by customers include the availableness of the product in the region and information that helps him/her make the needed decision pertaining to the purchase of the product.Let us use a few examples to explain the link between the marketing mix and consumer behaviour.The denim and jeans industry which include some internationally recognised brands including Levis, Lee and Pepe understand that within their target range, we include the young crowd. Commonly citizenry up to 30 age of age. They, therefore make sure that the campaigns and marketing include a limited intention to pull these customers in. The ads therefore include several young people in harsh surround ings.KFC and McDonalds fool learnt that people tend to eat more in glimmery coloured surroundings. Therefore, all their outlets usually have bright colours across the walls.A study showed that theThese are only in truth simple examples of consumer behaviour. Understanding the performance or the process of aligning the 4 Ps as per our customers needs is huge in scope and juicy in practice.Link between Marketing Mix and Market ResearchMarket Research is the process of gathering data or info in order to better understand the aspects which would affect the performance of a product on the market. We have to understand if a particular campaign or step is worth the risk. Incorrect or inadequate market inquiry often leads to unforesightful performance due a poor understanding.Most companies are founded on the principle of profitability. Goods or services they raise should aim to be something that the customer needs and the caller can public assistance from. That is where market l ook for plays it hand at making a decision. Doing that investigate accurately will determine if your business will flourish or fall flat on its face.The research conducted around a whizz product includes analysis of the customer during the purchase phase, the reaction to a specific advertisement, the positioning of the product on the shelves of the stores they appear in, the comfort of the customer with the product etc.In a business strategic sense, they are use to collate Market Information (data to the highest degree competitors and the supply and demand situation), variance (understanding what kinds of customers appeal to what kind of customer reacts to a specific form of promotion based on common criteria), Market Trends (the fluctuation of the market), Risk Analysis, contest Analysis etc.Each and everyone of these activities brings the product manufacturer/service supplier with the info he/she needs to process and successfully sell the product. This changes the propensi ty in which the product is sold. The price, the positioning, the promotion and the product itself depends on this research.Link between Marketing Mix and RDResearch and Development in a high society often implies the need or the drive to improve the product and lead for a better replacement to make its way into the market. The idea tail research and development is to maximise the benefits that the consumer gets out of the product. The idea commode research and development is to improve the products and possibly charge a premium on the improved product which will increase profitability and allow the club to re-invest in research for a better product or a better variant of the same.The benefits from research are manifold. They include better products and consequently a more loyal customer and possibly new ones. A gild which thrives on research like a Pharmaceutical company is normally not considered the dress hat kind of investment for a fake in the stock market. This is beca use of unusual and over the top spending patterns for research which doesnt necessarily degenerate the investment make.Research and development is also to go for one step ahead of the competitor. To remain at or authorise to the top of the table, a company must constantly come out with a product thats only when better than the competitors product.Pricing is unendingly a major(ip) aspect to consider while working the specifics in research. The price of a product depends on the amount of research that goes into its development. The premium supercharged on a product comes from patents that protect it against duplication. Patents however, are only offered for a temporary period. Post that, the product is open to duplication. In this case, the price drops to a minimum, usually to push for maximum sales and to allow a return from plain sales.In promotion , the results of research are often touted in the ads about the same. This comes from Surf Excel and Bournvita ads which talk ab out extra performing chemicals and extra nutrients respectively to make it a better choice than competitor products.Link between Marketing Mix and Sales ForceThe sales team that drives the amount of revenue coming into the company involves the final pinnacle of contact with the customer. This is the point where all the promotions and pricing bring the customer to the final decision making stage. The best salesman is who gets the sale done and the papers signed.It is simulated at times that a large sales pull in implies the sale of more products. This is not true. A sales force means prepare. The training involves teaching your sales force selling the product and the nuances associated to the product.This leads to an automatic deck up in the spends of the company and very easily reflects on the prices of the products.The size of a sales force depends on the reach of the product in harm of distribution. The type of product also as a major hypothesize in the strength of the sale s force. Pharmaceuticals have lesser sales force as they cover doctors in mostly urban and sub-urban areas. FMCG sends their sales force all across the country and the world to maximise sales.Link between Marketing Mix and Brand PortfolioThe brand portfolio is a system used to categorise the products into high-earners, dead-beats and break-evens. The brand portfolio is created for both analysis of the past and application in the future. The portfolio will contain details about the product that helps the company make decisions about the products future. These include the promotional activities that the product will go through, the price at which we make it available to the customer, the positioning of the product and the condition of the products plump out development.The price of a high-earning luxury item can be increase and the smaller items which lose you money will be the losers which will be either pushed back from promotion or pulled out altogether.The idea behind a brand por tfolio is to keep a check or an spunk on the products performances.Application of Key Learnings to Reckitt Benckiser in the smooth-spoken antiseptic roleReckitt Benckisers liquid antiseptic is the very popular Dettol. Dettol has been a strong rival in the liquid antiseptic industry. It has ruled the roost in the industry for several years and still holds solid ground.Dettol be intimateed over 80% of the market share in its antiseptic form. The soap and the liquid soap formats however, had just about 15% of the industry. The soap and liquid soap formats did not enjoy the same success that the antiseptic did.The demand for Dettol rose from about Rs. cv billion in 1999 to Rs. 160 billion in 2009. The demand consider graph for Dettol over the past 10 years can be seen below.Consumer Behaviour Study of DettolA consumer behaviour study to understand the success of Dettol as an antiseptic brand was conducted to understand the reasons for the popularity of the brand.The study revealed that 85% of the respondents knew about Dettol i.e. they were aware that the product existed. 72% of the respondents used it as a like antiseptic. 72% also continue using Dettol because of Brand Loyalty and 56% are open to using other Dettol products.Dettol and Reckitt Benckiser have never had to nettle about the competition so cold. The users mostly preferred Dettol to other products.The word form below refers shows the analysis, study and the results of the research conducted.Pricing Strategies surrounding DettolThe Dettol variants have always been competitively priced with the market. The Soap variant was priced at Rs. 16/75mg and Rs.26/125mg. This was priced against the similar Savlon product which was priced at Rs.16 and Rs.24.5 respectively for the two package varieties. Both of the products however, are far higher than the alternate Medimix which was Rs.12 and Rs.17 for the two variants.At this point, a manager would admire whether or not the right idea would be to work t owards the price. Dettol can charge a minor premium on the product price because it holds a certain edge over the existing products. However, Savlon is catching on fast considering its an antiseptic which doesnt hurt as much. The manager therefore, tries to make the best of the current scenario and ensure that the competition wouldnt eat into its market share.In liquid soap, Dettol was exactly the same as the Fem variant which both sold as Rs.55/250ml. The market share of the liquid soap for Dettol is very low. A change in the price superpower even help the return to the market and allow Dettol to take the product ahead.The Shaving Cream division sees Dettol deceit between the Old Spices Rs.37.50/70g and Rs.24.50/30g and Palmolives Rs.36/70g and Rs. 19.50/30g.Market Research and Research and Development of DettolReckitt Benckiser and Dettol theorise Good health begins with hygiene. The Dettol variants were restricted to products which represent hygiene and banked on the very reli able name of Dettol to push the hygiene factor across to the customer. Dettol was miserable down into the Antibacterial Soap, Liquid Handwash, Shaving Cream and Band-Aid. The marketing team at Dettol looked into what could be done to maximise the reach of the Dettol brand and where it could be used conversely to decide what kind of variant would be required and what type of product is needed for the next step. The products all promote cleanup germs, freshness and absolute cleanliness and purity. Dettol has performed extensive research on the expansion plans of their major brand. The Dettol brand took the reach of Dettol to go as far as possible. The reach of Dettol moved from homes and hospitals to hotels, theatres, railways, educational institutes, saloons, school events.Trend Analysis of Dettol between 2000 and 2004The trend analysis has shows sales morsels on a high. The numbers have constantly been increasing over the past several years. In 2000, the sales numbers were close to 48000. In 2001, the numbers went up to 55000. Uptil 2003 following this, the number remained largely stagnant and then moved to dip slightly below 54000. However, the year 2004 was a fantastic attack on the market and zest up numbers in a single year in 2004 to 63000.We can tell from the demand forecast table that the demand made for the hygiene industry products kept going away up. The demand kept going up. Sales number increasing means we need to bump up the sales force. Ideally, the need for a greater sales force comes from the need for more retailers. The more the retailers, means that the reach of the product has increased and there are more people who are willing to buy and to sell. A sales force involves training. The need for greater performance is what keeps a company going. To maximise sales, they have to increase sales force. To increase sales force, they have to spend more money on the hiring, training and keeping the sales force. This automatically leads to greater spending in the event that the product might not do well, thus bringing up the costs of the product. bring up Analysis of the Reckitt Benckiser Dettol industryBelow we have a brief bring up analysis of the industry.StrengthsHigh market share of antiseptic liquidBrand loyaltyMost trusted BrandHigh quality at affordable pricesWeaknessesPoor marketing strategies for Dettol Shaving Cream Dettol Talc animated sensation of Antiseptic liquidOpportunitiesDettol Water Purifier due to increase in epidemicsOpportunity to capture the shaving cream segmentThreatsCompetitive PricingAttractive Packaging of competitor productsGood Advertisements by competitors

The History And Evolution Of Saarc Politics Essay

The History And Evolution Of Saarc Politics turn outThe southwestern Asian association for Regional Cooperation (SAARC) comprises eight countries of second Asia, i.e. Afghanistan, Bangladesh, Bhutan, India, Maldives, Nepal, Pakistan, Sri Lanka. The conception of theatrical roleal cooperation in South Asia was premiere mooted in May 1980 by Bangladesh President Ziaur Rahman. President Rahman addressed letters to the Heads of Government of the countries of South Asia, presenting his vision for the hereafter of the domain and the compelling arguments for regional cooperation in the context of evolving world-wide realities. The Foreign Secretaries of s counterbalance countries in South Asia met for the first condemnation in Colombo in April 1981 and identified louver broad beas for regional cooperation. A series of meetings followed in Nepal (Kathmandu/November 1981), Pakistan (Islamabad/August, 1982), Bangladesh, India (Delhi/July 1983) to heighten regional cooperation. T he next step of this procedure was the Foreign Ministers meeting in New Delhi in 1983 where they take the result on South Asian Regional Cooperation (SARC). During the next two historic period South Asian nations committed themselves to form this South Asian alignment and the process culminated in the First SAARC Summit held on 7-8 December in 1985 in Dhaka where the Heads of accede or Government of seven countries, Bangladesh, Bhutan, India, Maldives, Nepal, Pakistan and Sri Lanka adopted the direct form everyy establishing the South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation (SAARC).It is an Association establish on the consciousness that in an increasely interdependent world, the objectives of peace, freedom, genial justice and economical prosperity argon stovepipe achieved in the South Asian region by fostering plebeian understanding, good friendly transaction and meaningful cooperation among the Member States which are bounds by ties of story and cultureThe obje ctives and principles contained in the SAARC withdraw are as followsObjectivesa) To shape up the well-being of the hoi pollois of South Asia and to improve their reference of lifeb) To accelerate economic growth, cordial get ahead and cultural development in the region and to provide all individuals the opportunity to live in dignity and to realise their beneficial potentialc) To promote and strengthen incorporated self-reliance among the countries of South Asiad) To contribute to joint trust, understanding and appreciation of one an opposites problemsd) To promote active collaboration and mutual assistance in the economic, social, cultural, technical and scientific fieldse) To strengthen cooperation with different developing countriesf) To strengthen cooperation among themselves in international forums on matters of common inte easings andg) To help with international and regional organisations with similar aims and purposes.Principlesa) Cooperation within the framew ork of the Association is based on adore for the principles of sovereign equality, territorial integrity, political independence, non-interference in the informal affairs of other States and mutual benefitb) Such cooperation is to complement and not to substitute bilateral or multilateral cooperation andc) Such cooperation should be lucid with bilateral and multilateral obligations of Member States.Preamble to the SAARC CharterThe preamble to the SAARC Charter spells out the intention of forming this South Asian alliance as We, the Heads of State or Government of BANGLADESH, BHUTAN, INDIA, MALDIVES, NEPAL, PAKISTAN and SRI LANKA Desirous of promoting peace, stability, amity and progress in the region through strict adherence to the principles of the UNITED NATIONS CHARTER and NON-ALIGNMENT, particularly respect for the principles of sovereign equality, territorial integrity, national independence, non-use of force and non-interference in the internal affairs of other States and p eaceful settlement of all disputesConscious that in an increasingly interdependent world, the objectives of peace, freedom, social justice and economic prosperity are best achieved in the SOUTH ASIAN region by fostering mutual understanding, good dwellly relations and meaningful cooperation among the Member States which are bound by ties of history and cultureAware of the common problems, interests and aspirations of the peoples of SOUTH ASIA and the ask for joint action and enhanced cooperation within their respective political and economic systems and cultural traditionsConvinced that regional cooperation among the countries of SOUTH ASIA is mutually beneficial, desirable and requisite for promoting the welfare and improving the quality of life of the peoples of the region Convinced nevertheless that economic, social and technical cooperation among the countries of SOUTH ASIA would contribute significantly to national and collective self-relianceRecognising that increased coop eration, contacts and ex channelizes among the countries of the region result contribute to the promotion of association and understanding among their peoplesDo hereby agree to establish an organization to be known as SOUTH ASIAN ASSOCIATION FOR REGIONAL COOPERATION hereafter referred to as the ASSOCIATIONChanges in SAARC over a period of timeAfter more than two decades since its founding at the initiative of usual Zia-ul -Rahman, the then President of Bangladesh, the number of ingredients is being increased from seven to eight. And for the first time a member with no common border with India Afghanistan join SAARC. Also China, japan, US, South Korea and the European Union attended the Summit as observers. It is only logical that in the not very distant future Russia too will be added to the list of observers.SAARC was conceived as an organisation to promote regional economic and technological cooperation. It was expected that such cooperation, if it is sustained will lead t o increased political and security cooperation. Both in the typeface of European Union and ASEAN (Association of South East Asian Nations) the countries concerned had a shared perception of their security challenges.This did not happen in courting of SAARC. on that point was a war between two members of the SAARC in 1999 and a military confrontation in 2002. Therefore nurturing SAARC as a regional organisation has been a far more challenging task than those face by organisations like the European Union and the ASEAN.In fact one member of SAARC (Pakistan) refuses to extend the normal most favoured nation treatment to its neighbour (India) though this is a basic prerequisite under the World plenty Organisation regulations.though in that respect has been a formal agreement to vary the SAARC region into a free trade area, Pakistan and Bangladesh take aim been reluctant to light upon towards the fulfillment of that objective. In reality SAARC is largely a name square off on w ith annual rituals, not always regularly observed.While in other parts of the world, the trend is towards countries coming together to form larger markets, in South Asia this sentiment prevails only among Sri Lanka, Bhutan and India. Pakistan and Bangladesh do not contribute to the world-wide perception that countries coming together to form larger markets is a mutually beneficially proposition.In Europian countries like Germany and France got over their centuries old animosity. This happened when countries like Germany, Italy, Spain discarded their despotical regimes and became democracies. In ASEAN too Indonesia and Malaysia concluded peace after years of confrontation. Vietnam, Laos and Cambodia who fought farsighted wars with the US, which was supported by other ASEAN countries have now become economic and political partners of countries which helped to wage war against them.Unfortunately such radical vicissitude has not taken place in South Asia. There are reasons to believ e that underlying this difference in development may be that religion-based identity exercises greater dominance in close to countries of South Asia than nationalism-based identity.In admitting a number of successful economic powers as observers to the SAARC, the expectation is that such interaction may help to convert the mindset of the countries which still stand regional economic cooperation and integration in a world which is apace globalising. India has attempted to get Bangladesh into a BIMSTECH arrangement consisting of Bangladesh, India, Myanmar and Sri Lanka. Such a change in mindset is a time-consuming process and therefore there should not be exaggerated expectations with the new beginning with entry of Afghanistan into SAARC and five new observers.The future of SAARC appears to be brighter because in the past. SAARC was buffeted by insensate War tensions and Pakistan, Nepal and Bangladesh were attempting to exploit the differences between India and China and India an d the US. Recent changes in the preference of US policy and the Washington perception about the need to have a balance of power in Asia and consequent need to enhance Indo-US relations have had a radical impact on Indias relations with China and South East Asia.Increasingly India is referred to as one of the sixsome balancers of power in the emerging international system. India today has a strategic partnership with Russia, the US and the European Union and a strategic intercourse with China and Japan.The visits of Premier Wen Jia Bao of China, President Vladamir Putin of Russia, Prime Junichiro Minister Koizumi of Japan and President Bush to India and invitation to India along with China to attend the G-8 summit of locomote industrial powers has helped to transform the situation in the SAARC region towards increasing cooperation.There is now better realisation that neither India-China nor India-US relations can be exploited by other nations as happened during the Cold War.In th e SAARC region democracy is gaining ground. Afghanistan has an elected government for the first time. Recent developments in Bangladesh, Pakistan and Nepal, though yet to result in full blown democracy are moving in a positive direction. In Bhutan monarchy is voluntarily transforming itself into a democracy.Some Pakistani intellectuals argue that the factor that stands in the way of regional cooperation and integration in South Asia is the overwhelming dominance of India which constitutes more than 70 per cent of the population, resources and industrial and agricultural production of the region. It is therefore difficult to correspond the evolution of SAARC with that of European Union or ASEAN. In a moxie it could be argued that India itself with its multi-culturalism, multi lingual, multiethnic and multi religious composition is like a progress integrated European Union.Political evolution within India has made it needed that India will be federally governed by coalitions of al l-India and regional parties with regional autonomy and aspirations fully accommodated. This development is bound to have its impact on the rest of the SAARC region. So will Indias rapid economic development, its aspirations to become a cognition basedsociety, its secular values and democracy.There were people in Indias neck of the woods who thought Indian unity would not survive. This conviction persuaded them not to come out in the evolution of SAARC over the last two decades. That situation is changing.Though it is unrealistic to expect any immediate radical changes in the attitudes of Pakistan and even Bangladesh towards SAARC there is no doubt that a new era of increasing integration is beginning, because of the forces of globalisation and emergence of an international balance of power.Challenges OpportunitiesThe region is full of challenges and opportunities. South Asia is home to more than 1.5 billion people associated with various racial, lingual and religious groups. So me of the main challenges and problems facing the region include poverty, illiteracy, underdevelopment, terrorism, kind-hearted trafficking, and racial and ethnic conflicts. Similarly, food and energy crises have also come out as burning issues of the region. In spite of such challenges and problems, South Asia is abundant in human as well as inhering resources. When these resources are managed and utilized effectively, the region is sure to make considerable socio-economic progress within a short span of time.The South Asian people have many reasons to be optimistic if we look at the SAARC Charter that has included all the existing realities in the sub-continent, with the countries of different sizes, various levels of socio-economic development, historic legacies between and among the nations of the region. But, when the progress made by SAARC is assessed minutely, we do not find a very encouraging picture in terms of quality of life the people in South Asia.However, SAARC is gr adually fostering cooperation among the member states in a wide range of areas. Because of its contributions to promoting peace, good neighbourly relations and bringing about socio-economic transformation in the region, SAARC has become a worthy forum among its member states. As a saying goes Rome was not built in a day, the regional forum also requires some more time to achieve its goals and objectives.

Impact of Corruption in Nigeria

Impact of depravation in NigeriaCORRUPTION AND ITS clashing ON INTERNATIONAL BUSINESS IN DEVELOPING COUNTRIES(NIGERIA AS A CASE STUDY)(FEBRUARY 2014)Abstract degeneration is no news in the earthly concern to daylight. We croupe see rotting in our daily lives, let tot bothy in our ancestryes and the panache economies as a alone wrap up with turpitude e real day. That is why discussing screw upion and seeking ways on how to deal with it in Inter democracyal phone line is inevitable.I chose Nigeria as a subject study for obvious reasons I am Nigerian and unarguably Nigeria is the whale of Africa vast in its natural resources simply regrettably Nigeria is still battling with put exemptness which is crumbling our already distressing tribe and taken a toll on our International line of descent relations pushing potential communication channel and festering further away.This paper seeks to attempt to guide why subversion is preponderating in develop countries, its im pact on International seam in developing economies and possible recommendations.I pull up stakes first start by giving you a brief picture into Nigerias biggest export and afford an attempt to analyze putridness itself.IntroductionInternational line of credit is every commercialised transaction between two or more(prenominal) countries and the end of the private business is to receive profits while the establishment is incite by profit or political reasons (Daniels, Radebaugh, and Sullivan 2007). Business has become more global, trading has become easier with different regional trading blocs. This only encourages companies and economies to p conductge in International Business to boost its economy. Several economic theories show how countries competitiveness with early(a) and Nigeria certainly has an Absolute Advantage in the anele sector.Nigeria is a land with diverse and enormous mineral resources equivalent rough- sleep with oil, coal, zinc, semi-precious ston e and gold to name but a few. Nigeria exports petroleum, petroleum products, umber and rubber. Nigeria is in any case rich with long human resources hence a great destination for business.The sudden harvesting of Oil in the 1970s led Nigeria to the abandonment of its strong agricultural and light manufacturing bases in favor of an dehydrated dependence on everlasting(a) oil. Oil and gas exports account for more than 95% of export earnings and everyplace 80% of federal government revenue.However, the success story in the sector has lead it and then furthermost making Nigeria, the United States largest trading partner in sub-Saharan Africa, supplying 8% of U.S. oil imports which is half of Nigerias daily oil production .The sphere is also the fifth-largest exporter of oil to the United States.Nigeria is a member of the functional strongness Agreements in the earthly concern Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC), and its current crude oil production averages over 1 million place per day with oil reserves ar estimated to be 36 billion barrels natural gas reserves are over coulomb one million million cubic feet. (Source 21 Feb 2012 http//www.nigeria.gov.ng/index.php/2012-10-29-11-05-46/economy)Table 1.1 Nigeria Economic Overview 2014Nigeria Economy OverviewRegionsub-Saharan AfricaIncome CategoryLower middle incomePopulation168,833,776GNI Per Capita (US$)1,430City coveredLagosDoing Business 2014 RankDoing Business 2013 RankChange in Rank147138-9Doing Business 2014 DTF(% points)Doing Business 2013 DTF(% points)Improvement in DTF(% points)46.6246.330.29(Source 21 Feb 2014 http//www.doingbusiness.org/ entropy/exploreeconomies/nigeria/ ) corruptnessThe mankind is a chain, one link to an new(prenominal) Maltese Proverb, and with the rapid stride of globalization and the increase in the volume of International trade and investment funds, coupled with ongoing incorporated s messdals, has escalated the importance of issues relating to Corr uption, Corporate Social accountability (CSR) and Politics (Rodriguez et al, 2006).As foreign firms expanded into, and new firms were born within, developing and transition economies governments, managers and scholars grew more aware of the magnitude of corruption and the need to pull in and address it.Corruption has been described by several authors using very fancy words but keeping it simple it is a wrongful act that affects the well-being of the rules of order. Corruption ab drops power for private gain and it affects everyone who depends on the integrity of people in a leadership position.It can be manifested with bribery, il profound gratuity, extortion, conflicts of interest, kickback, and corporate espionage and through commissions/fees (Source 21 Feb 2014 http//www.sfo.gov.uk/briberycorruption/briberycorruption.aspx)In overt tallyices several ardent writers relate corruption with the continuous malicious use for self-financial gain but this is not exclusively the ca se because corruption also exists inboth (small and large) private enterprises and their gains arise because of embezzlement, conflicts of interest, abuse of power, exploitation, bribery and fraud. (Sikka, 2008).Corruption in Developing CountriesUnfortunately, it is not news to our ears that Nigeria is headed to being completely undone by corruption if continuous political campaign to curb it is not act vigorously. Well, Im of the opinion the root cause of the present Nigerian corruption problem is the overarching crude oil economy and politics over the years.Transparency International is has efficiently made available a Corruption Perceptions Index (CPI) which ranks countries and territories based on how corrupt their public sector is perceived to be. The scale of 0 100, in the CPI is a s follows 0 indicating that a country is perceived as passing corrupt and 100 indicating it is perceived as very clean.Please note the countries perceived as very clean and where those countrie s originate from compared to those perceived as highly corrupt further stressing my view that developing countries are highly corrupt payable to the economic conditions thus affecting business. (Source 21 Feb 2014 http//www.transparency.org).Copy of CPI2013_GLOBAL_WithDataSourceScores.xlsNigeria is at 144, dreadful expression past tables in the Transparency International website in 2004, Nigeria was at 90. The last country on the list is an African one, Somalia. This goes without saying. If you look at the economic situation in Somalia, it is obvious. The poorer the nation the higher the corruption. But how can there be a balance? A nation of necessity Foreign Direct Investment to boost its economy. The Porter Diamond speculation (Daniels et al 2007) which naturally should answer boost a nation whitethorn not work in a developing country like Nigeria, according to this theory companies development of international competitive product depends on their success in their home count ry, this theory is not feasible in most developing economies, these countries need foreign investors to tick off companies to harness the demands of the nation but with corruption as one of the factors affecting International Business, how will be nation grow strong enough to combat it?Sadly, Nigeria has no excuse for its failure so far, at present the problem of corruption issues has been saddled in into the laps of three government bodies Economic and Financial Crimes commission (EFCC) Independent Corrupt Practices Commission (ICPC) and the Code of Conduct Bureau (CCB), with weensy or no success considering Nigeria is still travel below the worlds Confidence Interval year on year, so how can International Business be seamless? You can also vex current shocking details about bribery/corruption in Nigeria on bribenigeria.com.Wont a corporation or nation rather deal with an other(a) continent with a lower corruption issue than invest or trade with a nation who is know for corrup tion? If I were to answer, my answer will be no.I believe that developed countries in the world nurture a break dance advantage over the fight against corruption because developed countries do not face the several challenges that developed countries face, so third world countries or developing countries like Nigeria, still pose a long way to go.Multinational Corporations interest in fighting Corruption in International BusinessIt has been argued that governments and host communitiesmay be interest in eradicating poverty, promoting education, health care andhuman rights, but corporations may not necessarily share such goals. They areessentially private judicature and are required by law to prioritise the welfare ofthe shareholders (capital) higher up other stakeholders (Sikka, 2008). Corporations todayshould to conduct their operations responsibly with accountability to widersociety and legitimise their affable power corporations may acknowledge some cordialresponsibilities, but they most often times cant horse the systemic requirement to increase profitsand dividends to the upbeat of capital.Businesses and organizations are set up to create wealthiness, and so far it is a very highly telling tool for doing so. No defineations, whether legal, ethical or moral limitare set to what or whom corporations can exploit to create wealth for themselves and theirowners. According to Sikka (2008), such practices seems to be partof the enterprise culture that persuades some(prenominal) to believe that bending the rules forpersonal gain is a sign of business acumen (pg. 270). Competitiveadvantages is considered to be an entrepreneurial skill, especially when competitivebusiness surround link profit and market shares with meeting global businesstarget.We see that the use of bribery and inducement to secure competitive advantages is originally amatter of executive discretion rather than any legal or moral compulsion. It has beenargued that this discretion may be used to improve directors since their remunerationis influenced by the level of profits and return to capital. Markets therefore conservepressure on companies to generate ever increasing profits and returns as capitalismdoes not provide any guide to upper limits of accumulation (Sikka, 2010). Companiescan generate additional returns for finance capital, not only through competitiveadvantages on products and services, but also through bribery and otherinducements to secure government contracts which are the big and guaranteed revenue even though payments are delayed .In an attempt to satisfy the corporategoal unfortunately everybody else is put at risk.Generally, the codes of business conduct include statements rejecting the payment or sufferance of bribes, collusion, pressure or illegitimate favour, either directly orthrough third parties whether public officers or private individuals but are often not respected. Y their involvement in corrupt practices and other anti-social pra ctices cannot therefore bereconciled with their business codes of conduct (Sikka, 2008, 2010 Otusanya, 2012).Environmental upthrow and threats to their reputation are managed by publishing corporate social responsibility (CSR) statements and code of conduct that promise ethical behaviour, improvement of economic and social infrastructure and quality of life of all stakeholders (Phillips, 2003 Sikka, 2010).Looking at it critically even if one organization restrains itself, the superior profits of competitors and business environment exert pressure to explore ways of matching or transcend that,thus the tendency to increase profits through corrupt practices as a means of gaining competitive advantages remains embedded within the corporate enterprise culture. In the end, it is a means to an end or we all want to make money some would say.Impact of Corruption in the International Business worldWithout a doubt corrupt use hinders development, contributes to the depletion of the public purse and distorts markets, furthering hindering local and Foreign Direct Investment. The growing of a nation depends on the redistribution of its wealth since the middle class and poor benefit is much greater than the affluent, who loss out of the re-distributional process. Countries suffering from corruption cannot implement sound re-distributional policies and are not expected to take benefit from sustainable economic development despite engaging upon economic growth from time to time for some reason or the other. No country or company would like to engage in business with falling economies.Another pitfall is it becomes a way of life. Corruption is like a way of life in Nigeria, from the secretary that sits at the office expecting to aim a gift before passing the cheque for signature to our leaders who can only award contracts by our wonderful saying if you help me, I go help you ( *pidgin face which means if you scratch my back, I scratch yours).There are other things to con sider, for instance the level of poverty. Nigerians do not know any way out. Word on the street, is you have to be smart, so you can survive. And survival here is relative. The danger of this is that is rubs off on the nation as a whole. Our image and reputation is ever taunted. Business people need to find out if they need to cut corners before making an investment in Nigeria and need to know the military personnel at the top before the contract is awardedIt ridicules the pattern of open and fair competition hence the continual decline of the economy.*Pidgin English is the low class English spoken on the streets in Nigeria compendiumInternational Business as stated earlier involves all commercial transactions, private and governmental, sales, investment, transportation that takes place between two or more countries for developing countries to find a way to curb corruption to its borderline it must first start from the sectors and the leadership. Not forgetting that the various m odes of entry ranging from Imports and Exports, tourism Transportation, Licensing and Franchising, Turnkey Operations, Management Contracts, Direct and Foreign investments need to be rid of corruption (Daniel et al 2007).In the case of Nigeria, it makes sense that any effort to eradicate corruption in must start with the oil sector, because of its encompassing effects on other sectors of the economy and move immediately to harnessing other natural resources, focus on production of resources that the economy has demand for thus providing job opportunities for several people. Secondly, the law enforcement would need to sanitize its own subdivision because it is a pity that in developing countries they are the most corrupt. Im not confident of the efficacy of the sanctions and restitution imposed and how is it been effective handled, however if sanctions from those found guilty of corruption can also be re enforced.Finally, as also noted earlier, unfortunately it has become a way of life. The biggest step will be sensitization. The media and institutions of learning will have to collaborate to ensure these morals are instilled. A full thunder media campaign on the effects, combined with tutorials in classes will surely make an impact. The earlier an individual realizes that it is not a norm, the better. People should not accept or give bribe and not cut corners the better for the whole society.Corruption can be tackled, it may take forever but with collaboration and eyes on the bigger picture when purely looking at it from a business perspective, it is indeed wiser to build a good reputation that bring a lifelong investment than engage in activities that will only provide solutions for short term needs.References/BibliographyDaniels, Radebaugh and Sullivan (2007) International Business Environments and Operations, 11th Edition.Olatunde Julius Otusanya, Sarah Lauwo, Gbadegesin Babatunde Adeyeye (2012)A Critical Examination of the Multinational Companies Anti-C orruption policyin Nigeria (Accountancy and Public Interest 2012). (Online journal 9th Feb 2014 http//visar.csustan.edu/aaba/Otusanya2012.pdf)Otusanya, O. J. (2011b) Corruption as an prohibition for Development in DevelopingCountries A Review of Literature, ledger of Money Laundering Control, 14 (4)387-422.Phillips, R. (2003) Stakeholder Theory and Organisational Ethics, San FranciscoBerrett Koehler.Rodriguez et al (2006) Three Lenses on the Multinational Enterprise Politics,Corruption, and Corporate Social Responsibility, Rensselaer Working document inEconomics, No. 0608 New York.Sam Ejike Okoye. How to tackle corruption effectively in Nigeriahttp//www.gamji.com/article4000/NEWS4930.htm (9 Feb 2014)Sikka, P. (2008a) Enterprise Culture and Accountancy Firms The New Master ofcosmos, Accounting, Auditing and Accountability Journal, 21(2) 268-295.Sikka, P. (2010) Smoke and Mirrors Corporate Social Responsibility and Tax dodge, Being Paper Presented at Essex Accounting Centre, Esse x BusinessSchool, University of Essex, UKhttp//www.essex.ac.uk/ebs/ query/working_papers/WP2010-5%20PS%20CSR%20and%20Tax%20Avoidance%20Revised%20April%202010.pdf. (9 Feb 2014)Udelove (2010) Why Nigeria Is Referred to as the Giant of Africa. StudyMode.com http//www.studymode.com/essays/Why-Nigeria-Is-Referred-To-As-449209.htm (21 Feb.2014)Yima Sen Political Economy of Corruption in Nigeriahttp//www.gamji.com/article9000/NEWS9136.htm(9 Feb 2014)Web. 9 Feb 2014 http//www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/nigeria/energy.htmWeb. 21st Feb .2014 http//www.transparency.org Web .21 Feb.2014 http//www.nigeria.gov.ng/index.php/2012-10-29-11-05-46/economyWeb. 21 Feb 2014 http//www.doingbusiness.org/data/exploreeconomies/nigeria/Web. 21 Feb 2014 http//www.sfo.gov.uk/briberycorruption/briberycorruption.aspx

Essay --

There are a lot of women throe from different types of descends with uterine being one of the most universal and they do not seek health check attention ascribable to being upset or just scared. It is somewhat considered taboo and isnt spoken of as frequently as say, having a hysterectomy or other female conditions. just about women are unaware of the symptoms and therefore dont seek medical attention before it becomes a more serious issue that pull up stakes most likely require surgery to fix. The definition of uterine descend is the womb gradually descends into the vagina and often times takes the upper portions of the vagina with it. Most often a prolapse is caused by weakened pelvic shock muscles and ligaments. It rat present at any stage but often comes in three distinct stages. Once it descends into the vagina walls it kitty continue to descend until it very protrudes out of the vagina entrance. In the 1st degree the cervix is still at bottom the vagina. In the 2nd degree the cervix appears outside the vagina opening and the labia shadower become irritated and ulcerative. In the 3rd degree there is a complete prolapse outside of the body and it can contain the bladder, uterus and rectum. This condition is sometimes called a complete procidentia. It can be caused by a multitude of reasons. Multiple vaginal births, having larger babies, excessive labour from constipation, heavier-than-air lifting or being overweight, weak pelvic floor muscles due to lack of use, aging or going through menopause. Although uterine prolapse can happen to anyone at any age, its most common in women who have gone through menopause and for many of the reasons give tongue to above. Some of the symptoms of pelvic floor organ prolapse are havin... ...ith prolapsed organs. Maintaining a healthy diet to include lots of fruits and vegetables and fiber is the best office to retard constipation as well as drinking cra pper of fluids. It has been recommended to drink half your body weight in ounces every daylight to maintain a healthy inner eco system. Drinking plenty of weewee helps maintain balance of hormones, bowel functions and cellular health. Other preventive measures can be taken when heavy lifting is required, be sure to used legs when lifting heavy objects or while working out. Proper lifting techniques will too prevent other injuries. By maintaining a healthy weight you will also prevent undue pressure on lower pelvic floor muscles. By practicing good prevention techniques not only will the pelvic floor be in good health but the occupy of the body will benefit as well. Heres to pelvic floor health W/C 1184

Magical and Realist Elements of Like Water for Chocolate by Laura Esqui

Magical and Realist Elements of wish well pissing for drinking chocolate The novel Like water system for Chocolate, published in 1989, was written by Laura Esquivel who is of Spanish heritage. She lives in Mexico, and Like Water for Chocolate was her first novel. I feel that in the story Laura Esquivel gives a lot of magical elements as well as some legitimateist elements in order to evoke emotions close to love. While reading Like Water for Chocolate, I thought that how the missy named Tita was non allowed to follow the guy she loved and how she had to watch her sister unite him was interesting. However, I thought that the element was somewhat magical when she was making her sister Rosauras wedding cake, and at the same time, she was thinking of Pedro whom she is in love with and he is now marrying her sister. As she was thinking of him, she began to cry. As she was crying, a tear dissolve went into the cake, and they were afraid that it messed up the meringue. I hav e non baked much, particularly using meringue, but I felt that part was a tiny magical to me.On the other hand, I found the circumstance real that a person bathroom be in love with soulfulness else while he or she is getting married. However, I am not sure if there argon good deal out there who marry somebody just so they can be closer to their family member. The fact that her mom did not want Tita to get married was real because people can and do sometimes get upset when they do not want their child getting married. She showed a lot of emotions. Also, preparing for the wedding was a realist element. Many things appeared to be real. One does argue with family members, and daily events happened. Doing chores and cooking are obviously realist elements. However, many realist elements are brought up. Havi... ...on will see magical as well as realistic elements. If one is interested in Like Water for Chocolate, there are many websites he or she can go to. There is plenty of inform ation on Like Water for Chocolate. Works Cited Chanady, Amaryll. The Territorialization of the Imaginary in Latin America Self-Affirmation and apology to Metropolitan Pilgrims. Magical Realism. Theory, History, Community. Ed Lois Parkinson Zamora and Wendy B. Faris. Durkham, N. C Duke UP, 1995 125-141 Esquivel, Laura. Like Water for Chocolate. fresh York Doubleday, 1989. Love and Other Illegal Facts. Esquivel, Laura. October 1996. 19 Jan 2001. http//www.salon.com/oct96/interview961104.html Smith, Joan. Laura Esquivel on Like Water for Chocolate, destiny and the thoughts of inanimate objects. The Interview Love and Other Illegal Acts. October 1996. 19 Jan 2001

Sickle Cell Anemia :: essays research papers fc

     The conundrum is that sickle cell anemia affects about 72,000 Ameri fires in the United States. reaping hook cell anemia is an inherited disease in which the body is inefficient to produce normal hemoglobin, an iron-containing protein. Abnormal hemoglobin mass morph cells that can become lodged in narrow blood vessels, blocking oxygen from reaching organs and tissues. The effects of sickle cell anemia are bouts of innate pain, infectious, fever, jaundice, stroke, slow growth, organ, and failure.     Sickle cell anemia hurts many people instantly in fact it hurts about 72,000 Americans. But some doctors are purpose cures for this inherited disease. This disease causes mainly strokes and fever. With this disease a stroke is not p trigger-happyictable, a stroke can happen as early as a unity month sr. as a baby. It can hurt a person really bad because it causes them to not be able to do many things like cant play sports, and thing s that gets your heart pumping because if the red blood cells gets clogged up it can causes a stroke because oxygen cant flow. Most Americans who have sickle cell anemia are of African descent. The disease also affects Americans from the Caribbean, Central America, and parts of South America, Turkey, Greece, Italy, the Middle eastern and East India. Since sickle cell anemia is an inherited disease if two parents have the trait for sickle cell, their babys chances of having sickle cell disease is one in four.     Many doctors are trying to find cures for this disease by trying the solution on diligents. Doctors at Emory University and University of Mississippi Medical optic in Jackson, Chicago. Doctors in Emory University in Atlanta credited an experimental arc cell transplant that for the first time is not from a relate donor. This transplant cured the inherited disease from Keone Penn who is 13 years one-time(a) from Georgia. He suffered a stroke at 5 yea rs old and had a fever of 106 degrees, "I almost died" (Ferraro, Newspaper Article) What the doctors did was replaced the boys bone marrow with stem cells taken from the umbilical cord blood of an infant not related to him. Dr. Ruby Bellevue of New York Methodist Hospital in Brooklyn has patient that he wants to do the transplant procedure on, but he is delay for more studies to come out to see what the long-term effects are. roughly effects could be rejection, complications, and/or death.

Sociolinguistics of Australian English Essay -- Essays Papers

Sociolinguistics of Australian English Behind either language lies a fascinatingly intricate structure, which contains much more than a simple set of symbols. Language is not merely a ordinance used to switch a text from one idiom to another, only if an entity with its own complex, intriguing characteristics. In fact, exact translations do not regular exist from one language to another because every dialect possesses peculiar aspects that have come about from centuries of social change and interaction. In return, language, finished everyday speech, as well as literature, shapes society. Therefore, language is one of the near powerful emblems of social behavior.1 From this idea emerged sociolinguistics, one of the most important handle of study in todays world of increasing foreign relations. Sociolinguistics studies the relationships between the way a society functions and its language. Areas of the field include, but atomic number 18 certainly not limite d to, pidgins and creoles, gender relations, economic status, and age. Researchers examine twain the effects of social factors on language, and the effects of language on society. The modern world is bringing many people of different cultural and linguistic backgrounds together, perhaps more than any other period of history. Thus, the study of handle such as semiotics, linguistics, and sociolinguistics is crucial to gain a better judgment of how languages are created and how they bring meaning to the world. Australian English, referred to hereafter as AE, exemplifies the unwashed influence exerted upon language and society. AE is not only a unique mode of speaking, even from other English dialects, but also an entirely manifest manner of individ... ... English. Sydney Reed Education, 1972. 67.13 Seal, Graham. The Lingo Listening to Australian English. Sydney Univeristy of New southwestward Wales Press, 1999. 23.14 Horne, Donald. Forward. Macquarie Dictionary. 2nd ed. Arthur Delbridge et al, eds. McMahons Point, New South Wales Macquarie Library, 1991.15 Mitchell and Delbridge 44.16 Keesing, Nancy. Lily on the Dustbin Slang of Australian Women and Families. Ringwood, Victoria Penguin Books, 1982.17 Pauwels, Anne. Gender Differences in Australian English. Language in Australia. Ed. Suzanne Romaine. Cambridge Cambridge University Press, 1991.18 turner 34.19 Mitchell and Delbridge 5.20 Bernard and Delbridge.21 Bernard and Delbridge.22 Turner 11.23 Adams, Phillip. US R Us. City Weekly. 24 July 2003.24 Horne xi.

Poetry Of Nature :: essays research papers

Many poets are inspired by the active persona that exists in character to influence their style of poetry. The awesome power of nature foundation bring about thought and provoke certain feelings the poet has towards the natural surroundings. If you jump out in mind the disposition of some of the things in life that feed us like hu valet de chambre beauty, love or the beauty of nature you go forth understand that they have one thing in common. They do not last forever, as sad as it seems, Ladies and Gentleman. Yes they too will eventually die out. Why? Who knows? However it is a fact that when poets frame a verse form they wish to make their words appealing, as to impress the reader with the intensity of their own experience so they immortalize that smell out of feeling that makes their poems last. Wordsworths poem, Nutting is a classic portrayal of a man finding time to escape the harsh bitterness of life and escaping to a world of isolation, solitude and loneliness that exi sts in nature. Id especially like to focus on the second part, which has a greater entailment in regard to nature, then the other part, which might appear irrelevant.In demonstrating the use of descriptive features Wordsworth has created the perfect sanctuary that one can moreover ever dream about. The wording used in this section is unsophisticated and evocative. Common language served Wordsworths purpose well, for the simple words were call in their purpose. They expressed feelings that had been known and repeated many times before, and then contained a certain durability in his speech.And I saw the glister foam, And-with my cheek on one of those green stones that fleeced with moss, under the shady trees, plant round me, scattered like a flock of sheep In this poem there is much evidence that expresses his loneliness, solitude, and isolation to the rest of the world at that moment in his life.And fade, unseen by any human spirit where fairy water-breaks do murmur on foreve rIt is obvious that finished this perception Wordsworth is generally speaking of past experiences. Wordsworth believed that nature played a key component part in spiritual understanding and stressed the role of memory in capturing the experiences of childhood.His poetry just like his beliefs relays a feel of feeling towards aspects of spiritual understanding. I felt a sense of infliction when I beheld the silent trees, and saw the intruding sky.

Toothbrushes and Tofu :: Short Story Papers

Toothbrushes and Tofu Yay hyperchocolate hazelnut spread over Yay apricot baklava Yay carrot cake and apple crisp Yay periwinkle dining room trim Yay co-ops - Watermyn accommodate journal, 1986 The co-op is on the corner of Waterman and Governor streets, hunkered there akin an old man, into a dilapidated permanence. Two enormous cherry trees touch on the front yard in the fall their golden leaves are left over(p) in peace to coat the lawn until they rot or blow away. A tangled cluster of bicycles clings to a metal sculpture that is perched like an sucking louse under the largest tree. The front garden sprouts renegade tomato plants and Echinacea flowers, yen taken over with weeds, and a tin sign hangs feebly from a piece of yellow pipe, its faded letters announcing, Watermyn Co-op Garden. The newly build front porch tactile sensations of wet, cut wood and supports a ratty looking couch, a small mosaiced table, and half a dozen un-opened Wall Street Journals. The Watermyn kitchen neer fails to be a stimulating experience. This Sunday night is no exception. Ian and Allison hack on vegetables, and the counters swim in piles of mushrooms, carrots, spinach, bowls of crumbled tofu and pans spread with deep-chested pizza dough. Liz Phair plays on the stereo, just loud enough to inhibit a normal decibel of conversation. Old crumpled newspapers litter the two couches downstairs the stereo, and rows of red-capped spices, cereal boxes and other assorted dried goods line the racks above the counters. Clippings, sketches and posters daub the refrigerator and walls. Broken kitchen appliances are stuck above the fridge with black electrical tape and some one has scrawled above them in black marker, Kitchen appliance cemetery - where all good cooking tools come to die. Ian is tall, with a warm grimace and a worn-in look, faded and comfortable like someones favorite sneakers. He groans as he opens up rotting bags of spinach, How long has this been in the fri dge? Im non going to use this. Do you think I should use this? No, no one will want to eat this. Allison doesnt offer any suggestions. She smiles unconcernedly and slides an assembled pizza into the oven, holding her long brown hair back with one hand. Dinner is served at 630 and in a a couple of(prenominal) minutes co-opers will begin to wander into the kitchen and common rooms, lured by the smell of cooking dough and stir-fried garlic.

The Importance of the Ghost in Hamlet Essay -- Shakespeare Hamlet

Words are like leaves and where they most abound, Much growth of Sense beneath is rarely found. (Essay on Criticism, ll.309-310)   Any investigation of Shakespeares hamlet that wishes to harvest fruit of sense must begin with the ghost. Dover Wilson is decline in terming Hamlets visitor the linchpin, but the history of critical touch sensation regarding its profligate has been diverse and conflicting. Gener tout ensembley, critics have opted for a Purgatorial ghost Bradley speaks of ...a soul induce from Purgatory, (1) Lily Campbell believes Shakespeare has pictured a ghost from Purgatory according to all the tests possible, but adds, Shakespeare chose kinda to throw out suggestions which might satisfy those members of his audience who followed any unity of the three schools of thought on the subject. (2). G. Wilson Knight fuses Purgatorial origin with ambiguity With exquisite aptness the poet has placed him, not in heaven or hell, but purgatory, adding It is n either good nor bad, True its effects are mostly evil. (3) In another work he notes, The ghost whitethorn or may not have,., been a goblin damned it certainly was no spirit of health, (4) Wilson terms his linchpin as Catholic ...the phantasm is Catholic he comes from Purgatory.(5)   A flurry of critical opinion began, however, in 1951 when Roy Battenhouse argued, The ghost, then, does not come from a Catholic Purgatory, but from an later on exactly suited to fascinate the imagination and understanding of the humanist knowing of the Renaissance. By that he meant, ...the purgatory of the Ancients, or their hell...since all are Hell from a Christian point of view an inhabitant of any one of them is a damned spirit...(6... ...et Pagan or Christian? The Month. 9 (1953), pp. 233-234. (8) Robert West. King Hamlets dubious Ghost PMLA. 70 (1955), p. 1116. (9) Harry Levin. The Queftion of Hamlet. New York Oxford Books, 1970), p. 43. (10) Sister Mariam Joseph. Discerning t he Ghost in Hamlet. PMLA 76 (1961), p. 502 (11) Eleanor Prosser. Hamlet and Revenge. Stanford Stanford University Press, 1091, p. 252. (12) Stephen Greenblatt. Hamlet in Purgatory. Princeton Princeton University Press, 2001. (13) K.R. Eissler. Discourse on Hamlet and Hamlet A Psychoanalytic Inquiry. New York International Universities, Press, 1971, p. 68. (14) Harold Boom. Shakespeare The craft of the Human. New York Riverhead Books, 1998. Hamlet and Falstaff is treated throughout the book as touchstones for all other characters. Chapter 23 discusses Hamlet specifically.

Cathedral Analysis Paper: Milan Cathedral -- Architecture Churches

totally over the world, people still come to admire the beauty of European cathedrals. Many of the cathedrals are fragile due to age, neglect, pollution, and insufficient funds forthcoming to restore these historical and magnificent buildings. Nevertheless, visitors to these architectural masterpieces are fascinated by the design and structure of these churches. The cathedral builders using their own ingenuity, expertise, and limited resources were equal to(p) to defy the laws of gravity and time. (Icher 30)There were two main types of architecture during the mall ages, the Romanesque style and the Gothic style. The Romanesque period took place approximately between 1096 and 1270 (the ordinal and twelfth centuries) and the Gothic period took place approximately between 1150 and 1450 (the 13th through the fifteenth centuries) (Bersson 383). Evidence of both styles of architecture emerged throughout Europe. The governmental landscape had changed and the Christian church provided a measure of unity throughout the centuries of this medieval era (Stalley 13).The Romanesque period was a time when the interest in religion intensified. The church was a place that all people could perish to regardless of their status. It was during these times that big churches called cathedrals began to emerge. The age of the Crusades took place emphasizing the get for places of worship and a place for the community to gather together. People seek the churches not only to see the relics housed in the church brought back from the beatified Lands by the Crusades, but also to seek redemption as well. This influx of seekers brought in money to help the community pay for the churches. This allowed for the emergence of rude(a) towns in addition to increased exchange ... ...brams, 1998. Print.Italian Gothic. encyclopedia Britannica. 2010. Encyclopedia Britannica Online. Web. 22 Nov. 2010. .Keyes, Zachariah. Personal Interview. Denise Keyes. 21 Nov. 2010. Middle Ages. The Catholi c Encyclopedia. Vol. 10. New York Robert Appleton Company, 1911. Web. 26 Nov. 2010. .Stalley, Roger. Early Medieval Architecture. Oxford Oxford University Press, 1999. Print.Tyler, Ellen. Milan Cathedral - Symbolizing the Gothic Structure. 14 may 2010. Ezine Articles. Web. 22 Nov. 2010. .Wilson, Christopher. The Gothic Cathedral The Architecture of the Great Church. New York Thames & Hudson, 1990. Print.

niels david bohr :: essays research papers

Niels Hedrik David BohrNiels Hendrik David Bohr was one of the world-class scientists of the 20th century. The Nobel prizewinning physicist was known for his development of the theory of atomic fission that led to the development of the atomic bomb.He was born on Oct. 7, 1885, in Copenhagen, Denmark. His father, Christian, was a professor at the University of Copenhagen and his brother, Harold, was a great mathematician. Bohr and his family grew up in an atmosphere that helped the development of his knowledge. His father was largely responsible for awakening his involution in physics while, his mother came from a family well known in the field of education. After Gammelholm Grammar School in 1903, he entered Copenhagen University where He win a gold medal from the Royal Danish Academy of Sciences for his conjectural analysis of vibrations of water jets as a means of determining open tension. He received his Masters degree from the University of Copenhagen in 1909 and his docto rate in 1911 with a thesis Studies on the electron theory of metals. Bohr went to England to study with Sir J.J. Thomson at Cambridge. He had intended to spend his entire study period in Cambridge precisely when he did not get on well with Thomson so, after a meeting with Ernest Rutherford in Cambridge in December 1911, Bohr moved to Manchester in 1912. in that respect he worked with Rutherfords group on the structure of the atom. Rutherford became Bohrs role model both for his personal and scientific qualities. Using quantum ideas due to Planck and Einstein, Bohr conjectured that an atom could exist only in a discrete set of stable energy states. Bohr won the Nobel piece prize for his theory of atomic structures. According to Microsoft Encarta His work move on Rutherfords nuclear model of the atom, in which the atom is seen as a compact nucleus surrounded by a teem of much lighter electrons. He thought that electrons are arranged in definite shells, or quantum levels, at a big distance from the nucleus.